{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T04:17:11Z","timestamp":1780546631152,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Addictive-like eating is prevalent, but a clear conceptualization and operationalization outside of an addiction framework is lacking. By adopting a biopsychological framework of food reward, this study sought to develop and evaluate a brief self-report questionnaire for the trait assessment of hedonic overeating and dyscontrol. Items in the Hedonic Overeating\u2013Questionnaire (HEDO\u2013Q) were constructed following a rational approach and psychometrically evaluated in a large random sample from the German population (N = 2531). A confirmatory factor analysis supported the unidimensional nature of the six-item HEDO\u2013Q with the three postulated components of wanting, liking, and dyscontrol. Psychometric properties were favorable with good corrected item-total correlations, acceptable item difficulty and homogeneity, and high internal consistency. Population norms were provided. The HEDO\u2013Q revealed strict measurement invariance for sex and partial invariance for age and weight status. Discriminant validity was demonstrated in distinguishing participants with versus without eating disturbances or obesity. Associations with the established measures of eating disorder and general psychopathology supported the convergent and divergent validity of the HEDO\u2013Q. This first evaluation indicates good psychometric properties of the HEDO\u2013Q in the general population. Future validation work is warranted on the HEDO\u2013Q\u2019s stability, sensitivity to change, and predictive and construct validity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T07:08:58Z","timestamp":1651475338000},"page":"1865","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Development of the Hedonic Overeating\u2013Questionnaire (HEDO\u2013Q)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2775-1296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anja","family":"Hilbert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Behavioral Medicine Research Unit, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6639-8977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Meule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Schoen Clinic Roseneck, 83209 Prien am Chiemsee, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2648-2728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elmar","family":"Braehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Behavioral Medicine Research Unit, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1788-9574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soeren","family":"Kliem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule, University of Applied Sciences, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2022, March 29). 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