{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:57:15Z","timestamp":1792036635780,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lebanese International University","award":["PHAR-DH-JOUR-002-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHAR-DH-JOUR-002-2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A perennial wild shrub from the Lamiaceae family and native to the Mediterranean region, thyme is considered an important wild edible plant studied for centuries for its unique importance in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industry. Thyme is loaded with phytonutrients, minerals and vitamins. It is pungent in taste, yet rich in moisture, proteins, crude fiber, minerals and vitamins. Its chemical composition may vary with geographical location but is mainly composed of flavonoids and antioxidants. Previous studies have illustrated the therapeutic effects of thyme and its essential oils, especially thymol and carvacrol, against various diseases. This is attributed to its multi-pharmacological properties that include, but are not limited to, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic actions. Moreover, thyme has long been known for its antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiseptic activities, in addition to remarkable disruption of microbial biofilms. In the COVID-19 era, some thyme constituents were investigated for their potential in viral binding. As such, thyme presents a wide range of functional possibilities in food, drugs, and other fields and prominent interest as a nutraceutical. The aims of the current review are to present botanical and nutritive values of this herb, elaborate its major constituents, and review available literature on its dietetic and biological activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14102104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T23:14:26Z","timestamp":1652915666000},"page":"2104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["A Focused Insight into Thyme: Biological, Chemical, and Therapeutic Properties of an Indigenous Mediterranean Herb"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6907-4110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalal","family":"Hammoudi Halat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Bekaa P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0250-1533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maha","family":"Krayem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Bekaa P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6403-1194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanaa","family":"Khaled","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Bekaa P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0443-0326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samar","family":"Younes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Bekaa Campus, Bekaa P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Heywood, V.H., Nations, F., and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1999). Use and Potential of Wild Plants in Farm Households, Food & Agriculture Org."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"art34","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-06924-190434","article-title":"Understanding the Contribution of Wild Edible Plants to Rural Social-Ecological Resilience in Semi-Arid Kenya","volume":"19","author":"Shumsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-018-0272-1","article-title":"Traditionally Used Wild Edible Plants of District Udhampur, J&K, India","volume":"14","author":"Bhatia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2958623","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2958623","article-title":"Wild Edible Plant Nutritional Contribution and Consumer Perception in Ethiopia","volume":"2020","author":"Duguma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Majundar, D.K., Govil, J.N., and Singh, V.K. (2002). Edible Wild Plants. Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants, Sci. Tech Publising LLC. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/270276886_Edible_Wild_Plants."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"378","article-title":"Survey of Wild Food Plants for Human Consumption in Bing\u00f6l (Turkey)","volume":"16","author":"Polat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Tradit knowledge."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S303","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265070282S209","article-title":"Traditional Lebanese Recipes Based on Wild Plants: An Answer to Diet Simplification?","volume":"28","author":"Batal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/15528014.2015.1043103","article-title":"Exploring the Practice of Traditional Wild Plant Collection in Lebanon","volume":"18","author":"Marouf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Cult. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.06.052","article-title":"Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in Traditional Medicine by the Communities of Mount Hermon, Lebanon","volume":"173","author":"Baydoun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547169","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2547169","article-title":"Report on the Medicinal Use of Eleven Lamiaceae Species in Lebanon and Rationalization of Their Antimicrobial Potential by Examination of the Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Their Essential Oils","volume":"2016","author":"Khoury","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1622","article-title":"Antihypertensive and Toxicity Studies of Aqueous Methanolic Extract of Mentha longifolia L.","volume":"23","author":"Akhtar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stahl-Biskup, E., and Venskutonis, R.P. (2012). Thyme. Handbook of Herbs and Spices, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857095671.499"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"199","article-title":"Notes on Thymus L. (Labiatae) in Europe. I. Supraspecific Classification and Nomenclature","volume":"64","author":"Jalas","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bot. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Stahl-Biskup, E., and S\u00e1ez, F. (2002). The History, Botany and Taxonomy of the Genus Thymus. Thyme: The Genus Thymus, Taylor and Francis, Inc.. Available online: https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/edit\/10.1201\/9780203216859-5\/history-botany-taxonomy-genus-thymus-ram%C3%B3n-morales."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Talhouk, S.N., Fabian, M., and Dagher, R. (2022, January 06). Landscape Plant Database. Department of Landscape Design & Ecosystem Management, American University of Beirut. Available online: https:\/\/landscapeplants.aub.edu.lb\/Plants\/PlantProfile\/%20%20%20%207ccb111d-624a-44e4-8fe0-5c2df080bbb1."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"017","article-title":"Medicinal and Functional Values of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) Herb","volume":"5","author":"Dauqan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. App. Biol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.13005\/bpj\/1810","article-title":"The Potential Gastrointestinal Health Benefits of Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Almanea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacol. J."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"477","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Antitumor Activity of Different Wild Varieties of Moroccan Thyme","volume":"17","author":"Jaafari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farm."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Micucci, M., Protti, M., Aldini, R., Frosini, M., Corazza, I., Marzetti, C., Mattioli, L.B., Tocci, G., Chiarini, A., and Mercolini, L. (2020). Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oil Solid Formulation: Chemical Profile and Spasmolytic and Antimicrobial Effects. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10060860"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmieri, S., Pellegrini, M., Ricci, A., Compagnone, D., and Lo Sterzo, C. (2020). Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Thyme, Hemp and Coriander Extracts: A Comparison Study of Maceration, Soxhlet, UAE and RSLDE Techniques. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9091221"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"U.S Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (2022, March 31). Oxygen; Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) of Selected Foods, Release 2. Nutrient; Data Laboratory Home Page, Available online: http:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/nutrientdata\/orac."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieto, G. (2020). A Review on Applications and Uses of Thymus in the Food Industry. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9080961"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167-0412","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-0412.1000164","article-title":"Review on Thymus vulgaris Traditional Uses and Pharmacological Properties","volume":"3","author":"Reddy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Aromat Plants"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"283","article-title":"Antioxidative Effect of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) in Sunflower Oil","volume":"11","author":"Zaborowska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Pol. Technol. Aliment."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2007.11.005","article-title":"Efficiency of Pomegranate Peel Extracts in Stabilization of Sunflower Oil under Accelerated Conditions","volume":"41","author":"Iqbal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2020.11.009","article-title":"Thymol Bioactivity: A Review Focusing on Practical Applications","volume":"13","author":"Escobar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6103","article-title":"Carvacrol and Human Health: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"32","author":"Varoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"39","article-title":"Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Thyme and Cinnamon Extracts","volume":"9","author":"Sharara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alex. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(98)00086-7","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity and Mechanism of Action of Thymol and Carvacrol in Two Lipid Systems","volume":"64","author":"Yanishlieva","year":"1999","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3923\/pjn.2018.46.50","article-title":"Antioxidant Activities of Thyme Extracts","volume":"17","author":"Wisam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pak. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4947","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0255681","article-title":"Determination of Antioxidant Potential of Volatile Extracts Isolated from Various Herbs and Spices","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.09.203","article-title":"Essential Oil Composition, Total Phenolic, Flavonoid Contents, and Antioxidant Activity of Thymus Species Collected from Different Regions of Iran","volume":"220","author":"Tohidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.08.029","article-title":"Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenols and Phenolic Compounds in Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), Sage (Salvia officinalis L.), and Marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) Extracts","volume":"43","author":"Roby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Guendouz, S., Aazza, S., Anahi Dandlen, S., Majdoub, N., Lyoussi, B., Raposo, S., Dulce Antunes, M., Gomes, V., and Gra\u00e7a Miguel, M. (2019). Antioxidant Activity of Thyme Waste Extract in O\/W Emulsions. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8080243"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.03.021","article-title":"Antioxidant Properties of Thymus vulgaris Oil against Aflatoxin-Induce Oxidative Stress in Male Rats","volume":"57","author":"Mohamed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2016.02.004","article-title":"Thymol Reduces Oxidative Stress, Aortic Intimal Thickening, and Inflammation-Related Gene Expression in Hyperlipidemic Rabbits","volume":"24","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.21431","article-title":"Protective Effects of Thymol on Altered Plasma Lipid Peroxidation and Nonenzymic Antioxidants in Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarcted Rats","volume":"26","author":"Meeran","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2002.9699825","article-title":"The Antioxidant Properties of Thyme (Thymus zygis L.) Essential Oil: An Inhibitor of Lipid Peroxidation and a Free Radical Scavenger","volume":"14","author":"Youdim","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.11.134","article-title":"Antioxidant Efficacy of Thymol and Carvacrol in Microencapsulated Walnut Oil Triacylglycerols","volume":"278","author":"Gursul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2020.100578","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of PLA\/PCL Films Loaded with Thymol and\/or Carvacrol Using ScCO2 for Active Food Packaging","volume":"26","author":"Lukic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2018.1476979","article-title":"Effects of Thymol and Carvacrol on Sperm Quality and Oxidant\/Antioxidant Balance in Rats","volume":"125","author":"Cellat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12490","article-title":"A Review on the Beneficial Effect of Thymol on Health and Production of Fish","volume":"13","author":"Alagawany","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejar.2018.07.004","article-title":"The Influence of Dietary Supplementation of Cinnamaldehyde and Thymol on the Growth Performance, Immunity and Antioxidant Status of Monosex Nile Tilapia Fingerlings (Oreochromis niloticus)","volume":"44","author":"Amer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Aquat. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14788","article-title":"Antioxidative Activity of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and Oregano (Origanum vulgare) Essential Oils and Their Effect on Oxidative Stability of Minced Pork Packaged Under Vacuum and Modified Atmosphere","volume":"84","author":"Boskovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1089\/zeb.2017.1519","article-title":"Effects of Essential Oil from Thymus vulgaris on Viability and Inflammation in Zebrafish Embryos","volume":"15","author":"Polednik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zebrafish"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1477730","article-title":"Understanding the Potential Benefits of Thyme and Its Derived Products for Food Industry and Consumer Health: From Extraction of Value-Added Compounds to the Evaluation of Bioaccessibility, Bioavailability, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antimicrobial Activities","volume":"59","author":"Lorenzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14010238","article-title":"Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Thymus and Mentha Species and Their Antifungal Activities","volume":"14","author":"Marin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"104706","article-title":"Effects of Thyme Extract Oils (from Thymus vulgaris, Thymus zygis, and Thymus hyemalis) on Cytokine Production and Gene Expression of OxLDL-Stimulated THP-1-Macrophages","volume":"2012","author":"Reglero","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.11.022","article-title":"Chemical Characterization, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Greek Thymus vulgaris Extracts and Their Possible Synergism with Egyptian Chlorella Vulgaris","volume":"40","author":"Habashy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.117037","article-title":"Synergistic Benefits of Nicotine and Thymol in Alleviating Experimental Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"239","author":"Golbahari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"657026","article-title":"Effects of Thymol and Carvacrol, Constituents of Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oil, on the Inflammatory Response","volume":"2012","author":"Kummer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1934578X1701200435","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Algerian Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil","volume":"12","author":"Abdelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357022665","article-title":"In-Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Eucalyptus Globulus and Thymus vulgaris: Nitric Oxide Inhibition in J774A.1 Murine Macrophages","volume":"56","author":"Vigo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M900255-JLR200","article-title":"Carvacrol, a Component of Thyme Oil, Activates PPARalpha and Gamma and Suppresses COX-2 Expression","volume":"51","author":"Hotta","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"122","article-title":"Apoptotic Effects of Thymol, a Novel Monoterpene Phenol, on Different Types of Cancer","volume":"121","author":"Elbe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bratisl. Lek. Listy"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33587","article-title":"The Ever-Increasing Importance of Cancer as a Leading Cause of Premature Death Worldwide","volume":"127","author":"Bray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1529","article-title":"Timeline: Chemotherapy and the War on Cancer","volume":"5","author":"Chabner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14010","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14010","article-title":"Molecular Insights on Chemopreventive and Anticancer Potential of Carvacrol: Implications from Solid Carcinomas","volume":"45","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.08.023","article-title":"Biological Activity of Plant-Based Carvacrol and Thymol and Their Impact on Human Health and Food Quality","volume":"116","author":"Rathod","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouhtit, F., Najar, M., Moussa Agha, D., Melki, R., Najimi, M., Sadki, K., Boukhatem, N., Bron, D., Meuleman, N., and Hamal, A. (2021). New Anti-Leukemic Effect of Carvacrol and Thymol Combination through Synergistic Induction of Different Cell Death Pathways. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26020410"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6422","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Natural Compounds in Cell Death Induction and Sensitization to Chemotherapeutic Drugs in Lung Cancer","volume":"33","author":"Wattanathamsan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6109","article-title":"Thymol, Thyme, and Other Plant Sources: Health and Potential Uses: Thymol, Health and Potential Uses","volume":"32","author":"Salehi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702487","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.702487","article-title":"Antitumor Effects of Carvacrol and Thymol: A Systematic Review","volume":"12","author":"Sampaio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00380","article-title":"Pharmacological Properties and Molecular Mechanisms of Thymol: Prospects for Its Therapeutic Potential and Pharmaceutical Development","volume":"8","author":"Javed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"271","article-title":"Carvacrol Alters Soluble Factors in HCT-116 and HT-29 Cell Lines","volume":"50","author":"Karaca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1935","article-title":"Anticancer Activity of Thymol: A Literature-Based Review and Docking Study with Emphasis on Its Anticancer Mechanisms","volume":"71","author":"Islam","year":"2019","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kubatka, P., Uramova, S., Kello, M., Kajo, K., Samec, M., Jasek, K., Vybohova, D., Liskova, A., Mojzis, J., and Adamkov, M. (2019). Anticancer Activities of Thymus vulgaris L. in Experimental Breast Carcinoma in Vivo and in Vitro. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071749"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2013.3121","article-title":"Thymus vulgaris (Thyme) Inhibits Proliferation, Adhesion, Migration, and Invasion of Human Colorectal Cancer Cells","volume":"18","author":"AlJassim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13178","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92679-x","article-title":"Cytotoxicity Screening of Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oil in Brine Shrimp Nauplii and Cancer Cell Lines","volume":"11","author":"Niksic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"81","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil Towards Human Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"31","author":"Sertel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00fcnes-Bayir, A., Kocyigit, A., Guler, E.M., and Dadak, A. (2020). In Vitro Hormetic Effect Investigation of Thymol on Human Fibroblast and Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cells. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25143270"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"116","article-title":"Anticancer, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Potential of Thymol in Vitro Brain Tumor Cell Model","volume":"17","author":"Turkez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cent. Nerv. Syst. Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119335","article-title":"The Chemopreventive Effect of Thymol against Dimethylhydrazine and\/or High Fat Diet-Induced Colon Cancer in Rats: Relevance to NF-\u039aB","volume":"274","author":"Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.04.009","article-title":"Thymol Inhibits Bladder Cancer Cell Proliferation via Inducing Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis","volume":"491","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15787","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34055-w","article-title":"In-Vitro Evaluation of Apoptotic Effect of OEO and Thymol in 2D and 3D Cell Cultures and the Study of Their Interaction Mode with DNA","volume":"8","author":"Jamali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118894","article-title":"Carvacrol Affects Breast Cancer Cells through TRPM7 Mediated Cell Cycle Regulation","volume":"266","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0000000000000491","article-title":"Effects of Natural Phenolic Compound Carvacrol on the Human Gastric Adenocarcinoma (AGS) Cells in Vitro","volume":"28","author":"Kiziltan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anticancer Drugs"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0000000000000263","article-title":"Carvacrol Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis in Human Colon Cancer Cells","volume":"26","author":"Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anticancer Drugs"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"279","article-title":"Carvacrol Targets AXL to Inhibit Cell Proliferation and Migration in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells","volume":"38","author":"Jung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2017.1359321","article-title":"Carvacrol Induces Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-Mediated Apoptosis Along with Cell Cycle Arrest at G0\/G1 in Human Prostate Cancer Cells","volume":"69","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.020","article-title":"Thymus Spp. Plants\u2014Food Applications and Phytopharmacy Properties","volume":"85","author":"Salehi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators Global Burden of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance in 2019: A Systematic Analysis","volume":"399","author":"Salehi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00091-5","article-title":"The Lancet, Null Antimicrobial Resistance: Time to Repurpose the Global Fund","volume":"399","author":"Lancet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iskandar, K., Murugaiyan, J., Hammoudi Halat, D., Hage, S.E., Chibabhai, V., Adukkadukkam, S., Roques, C., Molinier, L., Salameh, P., and Van Dongen, M. (2022). Antibiotic Discovery and Resistance: The Chase and the Race. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020182"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3495","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00922","article-title":"Ethnobotany and the Role of Plant Natural Products in Antibiotic Drug Discovery","volume":"121","author":"Porras","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2000.00969.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial Agents from Plants: Antibacterial Activity of Plant Volatile Oils","volume":"88","author":"Dorman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2007.07.007","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Thymus vulgaris, Thymus Zygis and Thymus Hyemalis Essential Oils","volume":"19","author":"Rota","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1999.00780.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils and Other Plant Extracts","volume":"86","author":"Hammer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"56","article-title":"Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil: Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity","volume":"7","author":"Jianu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.2003.01285.x","article-title":"Antibacterial Activity of Selected Plant Essential Oils against Escherichia Coli O157:H7","volume":"36","author":"Burt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108936","article-title":"Ultrasound Improves the Decontamination Effect of Thyme Essential Oil Nanoemulsions against Escherichia Coli O157: H7 on Cherry Tomatoes","volume":"337","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-013-1214-5","article-title":"Enhanced Bactericidal Effect of Enterocin A in Combination with Thyme Essential Oils against L. Monocytogenes and E. Coli O157:H7","volume":"52","author":"Ghrairi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-14-377","article-title":"Effects of Plant-Derived Extracts, Other Antimicrobials, and Their Combinations against Escherichia Coli O157:H7 in Beef Systems","volume":"78","author":"Ko","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822010005000005","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (Vre) and Escherichia Coli O157:H7 in Feta Soft Cheese and Minced Beef Meat","volume":"42","author":"Selim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.116","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activities of Commercial Essential Oils and Their Components against Food-Borne Pathogens and Food Spoilage Bacteria","volume":"2","author":"Mith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2011.0080","article-title":"The Antimicrobial Activity of Thyme Essential Oil against Multidrug Resistant Clinical Bacterial Strains","volume":"18","author":"Sienkiewicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"273","article-title":"[Sensitivity assessment of thyme and lavender essential oils against clinical strains of Escherichia coli for their resistance]","volume":"63","author":"Sienkiewicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Dosw. Mikrobiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110606","article-title":"Syzygium Aromaticum (Clove) and Thymus Zygis (Thyme) Essential Oils Increase Susceptibility to Colistin in the Nosocomial Pathogens Acinetobacter Baumannii and Klebsiella Pneumoniae","volume":"130","author":"Alonso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loose, M., Pilger, E., and Wagenlehner, F. (2020). Anti-Bacterial Effects of Essential Oils against Uropathogenic Bacteria. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9060358"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-020-01945-5","article-title":"Curcuma Longa L. (Turmeric), Rosmarinus Officinalis L. (Rosemary), and Thymus vulgaris L. (Thyme) Extracts Aid Murine Macrophages (RAW 264.7) to Fight Streptococcus Mutans during in Vitro Infection","volume":"202","author":"Figueira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wijesundara, N.M., and Rupasinghe, H.P.V. (2019). Herbal Tea for the Management of Pharyngitis: Inhibition of Streptococcus Pyogenes Growth and Biofilm Formation by Herbal Infusions. Biomedicines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines7030063"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00613","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.613","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Essential Oils against Streptococcus Suis Isolated from Pigs","volume":"7","author":"Solarte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13582","article-title":"Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Cinnamon and Red and Common Thyme Essential Oils and Their Main Constituent Compounds against Streptococcus Suis","volume":"74","author":"Solarte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazeam, J.A., Ragab, G.M., El-Gazar, A.A., El-Mancy, S.S., Jamil, L., and Fayez, S.M. (2021). Topical Nano Clove\/Thyme Gel against Genetically Identified Clinical Skin Isolates: In Vivo Targeting Behavioral Alteration and IGF-1\/PFOXO-1\/PPAR \u03b3 Cues. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26185608"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3647523","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3647523","article-title":"A Pilot Study on the Effect of Thyme Microemulsion Compared with Antibiotic as Treatment of Salmonella Enteritidis in Broiler","volume":"2022","author":"Hamed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jabraeili, S., Mirzaei, H., Anarjan, N., Javadi, A., and Behnajady, M.A. (2021). Nanoliposomal Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) Essential Oil: Effects of Formulation Parameters. Food Sci. Technol. Int., 10820132211010104.","DOI":"10.1177\/10820132211010104"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granata, G., Stracquadanio, S., Leonardi, M., Napoli, E., Malandrino, G., Cafiso, V., Stefani, S., and Geraci, C. (2021). Oregano and Thyme Essential Oils Encapsulated in Chitosan Nanoparticles as Effective Antimicrobial Agents against Foodborne Pathogens. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26134055"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-64.7.1025","article-title":"Fungitoxic Activity of 12 Essential Oils against Four Postharvest Citrus Pathogens: Chemical Analysis of Thymus capitatus Oil and Its Effect in Subatmospheric Pressure Conditions","volume":"64","author":"Arras","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1608.08024","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Basil, Oregano, and Thyme Essential Oils","volume":"27","author":"Sakkas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.03.028","article-title":"Resistance of Candida to Azoles and Echinocandins Worldwide","volume":"25","author":"Pristov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshaikh, N.A., and Perveen, K. (2021). Susceptibility of Fluconazole-Resistant Candida Albicans to Thyme Essential Oil. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9122454"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14949","article-title":"Biofilm of Candida Albicans: Formation, Regulation and Resistance","volume":"131","author":"Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2019.100911","article-title":"Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil and Thymol Inhibit Biofilms and Interact Synergistically with Antifungal Drugs against Drug Resistant Strains of Candida Albicans and Candida Tropicalis","volume":"30","author":"Jafri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajkowska, K., Nowicka-Krawczyk, P., and Kunicka-Styczy\u0144ska, A. (2019). Effect of Clove and Thyme Essential Oils on Candida Biofilm Formation and the Oil Distribution in Yeast Cells. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24101954"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karpi\u0144ski, T.M., O\u017carowski, M., Seremak-Mrozikiewicz, A., Wolski, H., and Adamczak, A. (2021). Plant Preparations and Compounds with Activities against Biofilms Formed by Candida spp.. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7050360"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2014_1900","article-title":"The Effect of Thyme and Tea Tree Oils on Morphology and Metabolism of Candida Albicans","volume":"61","author":"Rajkowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandras, N., Roana, J., Scalas, D., Del Re, S., Cavallo, L., Ghisetti, V., and Tullio, V. (2021). The Inhibition of Non-Albicans Candida Species and Uncommon Yeast Pathogens by Selected Essential Oils and Their Major Compounds. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26164937"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2018.03.016","article-title":"Aspergillus-Specific Antibodies\u2014Targets and Applications","volume":"36","author":"Schubert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.126096","article-title":"Cellular, Physiological and Molecular Approaches to Investigate the Antifungal and Anti-Aflatoxigenic Effects of Thyme Essential Oil on Aspergillus Flavus","volume":"315","author":"Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2021.1994801","article-title":"Antifungal and Synergistic Activities of Some Selected Essential Oils on the Growth of Significant Indoor Fungi of the Genus Aspergillus","volume":"56","author":"Hleba","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2006.02032.x","article-title":"Antifungal Activity of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) Essential Oil and Thymol against Moulds from Damp Dwellings","volume":"44","author":"Kosalec","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scalas, D., Mandras, N., Roana, J., Tardugno, R., Cuffini, A.M., Ghisetti, V., Benvenuti, S., and Tullio, V. (2018). Use of Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae), Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae), and Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae) Essential Oils and Their Main Components to Enhance Itraconazole Activity against Azole Susceptible\/Not-Susceptible Cryptococcus Neoformans Strains. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2219-4"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, K.-W., Chung, M.-S., Bai, H.-W., Chung, B.-Y., and Lee, S. (2021). Investigation of Antifungal Mechanisms of Thymol in the Human Fungal Pathogen, Cryptococcus Neoformans. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113476"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545913","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.545913","article-title":"Activity of Various Essential Oils Against Clinical Dermatophytes of Microsporum and Trichophyton","volume":"10","author":"Parrish","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s40201-020-00445-4","article-title":"Nanoformulations as a Modern Form of Biofungicide","volume":"18","author":"Miastkowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-951719","article-title":"Antiviral Effect of Aqueous Extracts from Species of the Lamiaceae Family against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 in Vitro","volume":"72","author":"Nolkemper","year":"2006","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6084","article-title":"Inhibition of HSV-2 Infection by Pure Compounds from Thymus capitatus Extract In Vitro","volume":"32","author":"Toujani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walther, C., D\u00f6ring, K., and Schmidtke, M. (2020). Comparative in Vitro Analysis of Inhibition of Rhinovirus and Influenza Virus Replication by Mucoactive Secretolytic Agents and Plant Extracts. BMC Complement. Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-03173-2"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.12.016","article-title":"Potential of Selected Lamiaceae Plants in Anti(Retro)Viral Therapy","volume":"133","author":"Bekut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1700436","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201700436","article-title":"Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon Citratus, and Rosmarinus Officinalis, and Their Effects on the HIV-1 Tat Protein Function","volume":"15","author":"Feriotto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_132","unstructured":"United States Environment Protection Agency (2022, March 05). About List N: Disinfectants for Coronavirus (COVID-19), Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/coronavirus\/about-list-n-disinfectants-coronavirus-covid-19-0."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.04.024","article-title":"Virucidal and Antiviral Effects of Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil on Feline Coronavirus","volume":"137","author":"Catella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601335","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.601335","article-title":"Carvacrol, a Plant Metabolite Targeting Viral Protease (Mpro) and ACE2 in Host Cells Can Be a Possible Candidate for COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Javed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2020.128823","article-title":"Computational Evaluation of Major Components from Plant Essential Oils as Potent Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein","volume":"1221","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e07054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07054","article-title":"A Systematic Review on Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Aspects of Thymus vulgaris Linn","volume":"7","author":"Patil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.11.010","article-title":"The Evidence of Health Benefits and Food Applications of Thymus vulgaris L.","volume":"117","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"147","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Thymus vulgaris: A Review","volume":"3","author":"Rizwan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuete, V. (2017). Chapter 28\u2014Thymus vulgaris. Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809286-6.00028-5"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.4236\/ijcm.2015.69084","article-title":"The Application of Medicinal Plants in Traditional and Modern Medicine: A Review of Thymus vulgaris","volume":"6","author":"Hosseinzadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Med."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/10\/2104\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:14:00Z","timestamp":1760138040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/10\/2104"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]]},"references-count":140,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14102104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14102104","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]]}}}