{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T11:54:55Z","timestamp":1782993295184,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["AG062483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG062483"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01 AG050595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AG050595"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01 AG022381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AG022381"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01AG037985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG037985"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["P01 AG055367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 AG055367"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["T32MH122376"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32MH122376"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We examined whether the often-reported protective association of alcohol with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk could arise from confounding. Our sample comprised 908 men (56\u201367 years), free of prevalent CVD. Participants were categorized into 6 groups: never drinkers, former drinkers, and very light (1\u20134 drinks in past 14 days), light (5\u201314 drinks), moderate (15\u201328 drinks), and at-risk (&gt;28 drinks) drinkers. Generalized linear mixed effect models examined the associations of alcohol use with three established CVD risk scores: The Framingham Risk Score (FRS); the atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) risk score; and the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) Severity score, adjusting for group differences in demographics, body size, and health-related behaviors. In separate models we additionally adjusted for several groups of potentially explanatory factors including socioeconomic status, social support, physical and mental health status, childhood factors, and prior history of alcohol misuse. Results showed lower CVD risk among light and moderate alcohol drinkers, relative to very light drinkers, for all CVD risk scores, independent of demographics, body size, and health-related behaviors. Alcohol-CVD risk associations were robust to further adjustment for several groups of potential explanatory factors. Study limitations include the all-male sample with limited racial and ethnic diversity, and the inability to adjust for sugar consumption and for patterns of alcohol consumption. Although this observational study does not address causation, results show that middle-aged men who consume alcohol in moderation have lower CVD risk and better cardiometabolic health than men who consume little or no alcohol, independent of a variety of health, behavioral, psychosocial, and earlier life factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14112183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:14:14Z","timestamp":1653437654000},"page":"2183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Moderate Alcohol Use Is Associated with Reduced Cardiovascular Risk in Middle-Aged Men Independent of Health, Behavior, Psychosocial, and Earlier Life Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Linda K.","family":"McEvoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0212-0802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaclyn","family":"Bergstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinming","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis C.","family":"Garduno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin M.","family":"Cummins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8987-1755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol E.","family":"Franz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6502-7173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chandra A.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William S.","family":"Kremen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Panizzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gail A.","family":"Laughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.678375","article-title":"To Drink or Not to Drink? 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