{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:31:05Z","timestamp":1791822665291,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minister of Education and Science","award":["010\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["010\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to assess the content of caffeine and its metabolites\u2014paraxanthine, theophylline, and theobromine\u2014in breast milk according to selected factors. Samples of human milk were collected from 100 women living in the east\u2013northeast region of Poland. Information on the consumption of beverages and foods containing caffeine was collected using a 3 day food record. The determination of caffeine and its metabolite content was performed using liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS\/MS). This study research showed that more caffeine was found in the milk of women living in cities, with secondary education, aged 34\u201343, and also in milk from the 3rd and 4th lactation periods (p \u2264 0.05). Factors such as place of residence, level of education, age, and stage of lactation influenced the nutritional choices of breastfeeding women, which had an impact on the level of caffeine and its metabolites in breast milk. A positive correlation was found between the consumption of caffeine with food and drinks and its level in human milk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14112196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T08:41:33Z","timestamp":1653468093000},"page":"2196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Caffeine, Paraxanthine, Theophylline, and Theobromine Content in Human Milk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5065-0381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Purkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Commodity Science and Food Analysis, Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 1 Cieszy\u0144ski Square, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0754-0806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Pietrzak-Fie\u0107ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Commodity Science and Food Analysis, Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 1 Cieszy\u0144ski Square, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fritz","family":"S\u00f6rgel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, 90562 N\u00fcrnberg-Heroldsberg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6381-8991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Kinzig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, 90562 N\u00fcrnberg-Heroldsberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butts, C.A., Hedderley, D.I., Herath, T.D., Paturi, G., Glyn-Jones, S., Wiens, F., Stahl, B., and Gopal, P. 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