{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T22:19:37Z","timestamp":1770329977096,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN\/04238-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN\/04238-2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10022770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10022770"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Owerko Center","award":["RGPIN\/04238-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN\/04238-2018"]}]},{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Owerko Center","award":["10022770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10022770"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ketogenic diet (KD) is an effective treatment for infantile spasms syndrome (IS). However, the KD has implications for somatic growth, development, and the gut microbiota. The impact of incorporating a prebiotic fiber (PRE, oligofructose-enriched inulin, 0.8 g\/dL) into a KD diet on spasms, developmental milestones, fecal gut microbiota, metabolites, and hippocampal mitochondrial metabolism were examined. Following IS induction, animals were randomized to KD or KD + PRE diets. A third group without IS and suckled by dams was included as a normally developing reference group (R). PRE inclusion decreased ketones and increased circulating glucose levels but had no impact on spasms. In the liver, PRE increased triglyceride concentrations, decreased carnitine levels, and downregulated genes encoding enzymes responsible for ketogenesis. In the hippocampus, PRE increased glutathione levels but did not affect the maximal respiratory capacity of mitochondria. Analysis of the gut microbiota showed that KD + PRE increased microbial richness and the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium pseudolongum and Lactobacillus johnsonii. No differences in developmental milestones (i.e., surface righting, negative geotaxis, and open field behavior) were observed between KD and KD + PRE, except for ultrasonic vocalizations that were more frequent in KD + PRE. In summary, PRE did not impact spasms or developmental outcomes, but was effective in improving both metabolic parameters and gut microbiota diversity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14112210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T23:43:03Z","timestamp":1653867783000},"page":"2210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Addition of Prebiotics to the Ketogenic Diet Improves Metabolic Profile but Does Not Affect Seizures in a Rodent Model of Infantile Spasms Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9405-5907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunlong","family":"Mu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2480-069X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Pochakom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5088-7947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raylene A.","family":"Reimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anamika","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melinda","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong M.","family":"Rho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosciences, Pediatrics and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morris H.","family":"Scantlebury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1224-979X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane","family":"Shearer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergin, A.M. (2017). Ketogenic Diet in Established Epilepsy Indications. Ketogenic Diet and Metabolic Therapies: Expanded Roles in Health and Disease, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780190497996.003.0006"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12225","article-title":"Optimal Clinical Management of Children Receiving Dietary Therapies for Epilepsy: Updated Recommendations of the International Ketogenic Diet Study Group","volume":"3","author":"Kossoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103833","article-title":"Seizure Modulation by the Gut Microbiota and Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolism in an Animal Model of Infantile Spasms","volume":"76","author":"Mu","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu, C., Nikpoor, N., Tompkins, T.A., Choudhary, A., Wang, M., Marks, W.N., Rho, J.M., Scantlebury, M.H., and Shearer, J. (2022). Targeted Gut Microbiota Manipulation Attenuates Seizures in a Model of Infantile Spasms Syndrome. JCI Insight, in press.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.158521"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paoli, A., Mancin, L., Bianco, A., Thomas, E., Mota, J.F., and Piccini, F. (2019). Ketogenic Diet and Microbiota: Friends or Enemies?. Genes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10070534"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu, C., Shearer, J., Scantlebury, M.H., and Marks, W.N. (2022). The Ketogenic Diet and the Gut Microbiome. Ketogenic Diet and Metabolic Therapies: Expanded Roles in Health and Disease, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780197501207.003.0021"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.04.027","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota Mediates the Anti-Seizure Effects of the Ketogenic Diet","volume":"173","author":"Olson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103838","article-title":"Probiotics Counteract Hepatic Steatosis Caused by Ketogenic Diet and Upregulate AMPK Signaling in a Model of Infantile Epilepsy","volume":"76","author":"Mu","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu, C., Tompkins, T.A., Rho, J.M., Scantlebury, M.H., and Shearer, J. (2022). Gut-Based Manipulations Spur Hippocampal Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in a Model of Pediatric Epilepsy. Biochim. et Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Mol. Basis Dis., 166446.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2022.166446"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.07.014","article-title":"The Effect of the Ketogenic Diet on the Developing Skeleton","volume":"136","author":"Simm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02586.x","article-title":"Infantile Spasms Treated with the Ketogenic Diet: Prospective Single-center Experience in 104 Consecutive Infants","volume":"51","author":"Hong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2016.10.024","article-title":"Is Ketogenic Diet Treatment Hepatotoxic for Children with Intractable Epilepsy?","volume":"43","author":"Arslan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02940.x","article-title":"Comparison of Short- versus Long-Term Ketogenic Diet for Intractable Infantile Spasms","volume":"52","author":"Kang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14679","article-title":"Efficacy and Tolerability of the Ketogenic Diet versus High-Dose Adrenocorticotropic Hormone for Infantile Spasms: A Single-Center Parallel-Cohort Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"60","author":"Dressler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16543","article-title":"Use of Ketogenic Diet Therapy in Infants with Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Lyons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512004047","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Disorders: How Prebiotic Can Work?","volume":"109","author":"Delzenne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.11.011","article-title":"A Model of Symptomatic Infantile Spasms Syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Scantlebury","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panayiotopoulos, C.P. (2010). Epileptic Encephalopathies in Infancy and Early Childhood. A Clinical Guide to Epileptic Syndromes and Their Treatment, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-644-5"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(97)00085-5","article-title":"West Syndrome: Etiological and Prognostic Aspects","volume":"20","author":"Watanabe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2008.09.006","article-title":"A Retrospective Study on Aetiology Based Outcome of Infantile Spasms","volume":"18","author":"Karvelas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13057","article-title":"Summary of Recommendations for the Management of Infantile Seizures: Task Force Report for the ILAE Commission of Pediatrics","volume":"56","author":"Wilmshurst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70199-X","article-title":"The United Kingdom Infantile Spasms Study (UKISS) Comparing Hormone Treatment with Vigabatrin on Developmental and Epilepsy Outcomes to Age 14 Months: A Multicentre Randomised Trial","volume":"4","author":"Lux","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03127.x","article-title":"The Effect of Lead Time to Treatment and of Age of Onset on Developmental Outcome at 4 Years in Infantile Spasms: Evidence from the United Kingdom Infantile Spasms Study","volume":"52","author":"Lux","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.02.009","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Inulin and Oligofructose Supplementation in Infant Formula: Results from a Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"32","author":"Luque","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.4161\/19490976.2014.972237","article-title":"Prebiotics in Infant Formula","volume":"5","author":"Vandenplas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut Microbes."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcab189","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab189","article-title":"The Link between Brain Acidosis, Breathing, and Seizures: A Novel Mechanism of Action for the Ketogenic Diet in a Model of Infantile Spasms","volume":"3","author":"Choudhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5214\/ans.0972.7531.260106","article-title":"Negative Geotaxis: An Early Age Behavioral Hallmark to VPA Rat Model of Autism","volume":"26","author":"Ruhela","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.6.1429","article-title":"AMP Kinase-Induced Skeletal Muscle Glucose but Not Long-Chain Fatty Acid Uptake Is Dependent on Nitric Oxide","volume":"53","author":"Shearer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5112","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01043-13","article-title":"Development of a Dual-Index Sequencing Strategy and Curation Pipeline for Analyzing Amplicon Sequence Data on the MiSeq Illumina Sequencing Platform","volume":"79","author":"Kozich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-12-128","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation for the Infarcted Heart: Therapeutic Potential for Insulin Resistance beyond the Heart","volume":"12","author":"Hughey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01572","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells Shift Mitochondrial Dynamics and Enhance Oxidative Phosphorylation in Recipient Cells","volume":"9","author":"Newell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.285379","article-title":"Permeabilization of Brain Tissue in Situ Enables Multiregion Analysis of Mitochondrial Function in a Single Mouse Brain","volume":"593","author":"Herbst","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.156","article-title":"A Complete Workflow for High-Resolution Spectral-Stitching Nanoelectrospray Direct-Infusion Mass-Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics and Lipidomics","volume":"12","author":"Southam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7873","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b02830","article-title":"Mass-Spectrometry-Based Serum Metabolomics of a C57BL\/6J Mouse Model of High-Fat-Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Development","volume":"63","author":"Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayengbam, S., Chleilat, F., and Reimer, R.A. (2020). Dietary Vitamin B6 Deficiency Impairs Gut Microbiota and Host and Microbial Metabolites in Rats. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8110469"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5035","DOI":"10.1021\/ac300698c","article-title":"XCMS Online: A Web-Based Platform to Process Untargeted Metabolomic Data","volume":"84","author":"Tautenhahn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ftd.0000179845.53213.39","article-title":"METLIN: A Metabolite Mass Spectral Database","volume":"27","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"D801-7","article-title":"HMDB 3.0\u2014The Human Metabolome Database in 2013","volume":"41","author":"Wishart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W388","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab382","article-title":"MetaboAnalyst 5.0: Narrowing the Gap between Raw Spectra and Functional Insights","volume":"49","author":"Pang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e3282f44c06","article-title":"The Ketogenic Diet and Epilepsy","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02663","article-title":"Linoleic Acids Overproducing Lactobacillus Casei Limits Growth, Survival, and Virulence of Salmonella Typhimurium and Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia Coli","volume":"9","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0325-1","article-title":"Gut Commensals Make Choline Too","volume":"4","author":"Wright","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.01.011","article-title":"Do Ketone Bodies Mediate the Anti-Seizure Effects of the Ketogenic Diet?","volume":"133","author":"Simeone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.03.045","article-title":"Mitochondrial Regulation of the Hippocampal Firing Rate Set Point and Seizure Susceptibility","volume":"102","author":"Styr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.75","article-title":"Expert Consensus Document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) Consensus Statement on the Definition and Scope of Prebiotics","volume":"14","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1177\/1941406411419657","article-title":"Enteral and Parenteral Applications of Ketogenic Diet Therapy: Experiences from Four Centers","volume":"3","author":"Aldaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"ICAN Infant Child Adolesc. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12561","article-title":"2-deoxyglucose and \u0392-hydroxybutyrate Fail to Attenuate Seizures in the Betamethasone-NMDA Model of Infantile Spasms","volume":"7","author":"Janicot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2015.08.005","article-title":"\u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate Attenuates NMDA-Induced Spasms in Rats with Evidence of Neuronal Stabilization on MR Spectroscopy","volume":"117","author":"Yum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007042","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.2007042","article-title":"Restoring an Adequate Dietary Fiber Intake by Inulin Supplementation: A Pilot Study Showing an Impact on Gut Microbiota and Sociability in Alcohol Use Disorder Patients","volume":"14","author":"Amadieu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nettleton, J.E., Klancic, T., Schick, A., Choo, A.C., Cheng, N., Shearer, J., Borgland, S.L., Rho, J.M., and Reimer, R.A. (2021). Prebiotic, Probiotic, and Synbiotic Consumption Alter Behavioral Variables and Intestinal Permeability and Microbiota in BTBR Mice. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9091833"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0303-6","article-title":"DeepSqueak: A Deep Learning-Based System for Detection and Analysis of Ultrasonic Vocalizations","volume":"44","author":"Coffey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5153","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201801551R","article-title":"Maternal Prebiotic Supplementation Reduces Fatty Liver Development in Offspring through Altered Microbial and Metabolomic Profiles in Rats","volume":"33","author":"Paul","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-1047-2","article-title":"Postnatal Prebiotic Fibre Intake Mitigates Some Detrimental Metabolic Outcomes of Early Overnutrition in Rats","volume":"55","author":"Reid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuy031","article-title":"Prebiotic and Probiotic Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"76","author":"Loman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02730.x","article-title":"The Potential Role of Prebiotic Fibre for Treatment and Management of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Associated Obesity and Insulin Resistance","volume":"32","author":"Parnell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678360","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.678360","article-title":"Prebiotic Inulin and Sodium Butyrate Attenuate Obesity-Induced Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction by Induction of Antimicrobial Peptides","volume":"12","author":"Beisner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201600151R","article-title":"Improvement in Adiposity with Oligofructose Is Modified by Antibiotics in Obese Rats","volume":"30","author":"Bomhof","year":"2016","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.11.003","article-title":"Impact of Dietary Fiber Supplementation on Modulating Microbiota-Host-Metabolic Axes in Obesity","volume":"64","author":"Mayengbam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4954","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13006","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Richness Promotes Its Stability upon Increased Dietary Fibre Intake in Healthy Adults","volume":"17","author":"Tap","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"759293","article-title":"Relevance of the Glutathione System in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Evidence in Human and Experimental Models","volume":"2014","author":"Sampieri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahn, Y., Sabouny, R., Villa, B.R., Yee, N.C., Mychasiuk, R., Uddin, G.M., Rho, J.M., and Shutt, T.E. (2020). Aberrant Mitochondrial Morphology and Function in the BTBR Mouse Model of Autism Is Improved by Two Weeks of Ketogenic Diet. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093266"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-021-00842-2","article-title":"Astrocyte Metabolism of the Medium-Chain Fatty Acids Octanoic Acid and Decanoic Acid Promotes GABA Synthesis in Neurons via Elevated Glutamine Supply","volume":"14","author":"Andersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1988.tb02958.x","article-title":"Fatty-Acid Transport through the Blood-Brain Barrier","volume":"50","author":"Spector","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5928","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-13-05928.2003","article-title":"Energy Contribution of Octanoate to Intact Rat Brain Metabolism Measured by 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy","volume":"23","author":"Ebert","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.01.013","article-title":"Decreased Health Care Utilization and Health Care Costs in the Inpatient and Emergency Department Setting Following Initiation of Ketogenic Diet in Pediatric Patients: The Experience in Ontario, Canada","volume":"131","author":"Whiting","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/11\/2210\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:19:04Z","timestamp":1760138344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/11\/2210"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14112210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14112210","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]}}}