{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T22:49:52Z","timestamp":1773442192898,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011947","name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1042774441A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1042774441A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011947","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011947","name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["44020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["44020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011947","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011947","name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OFD CDA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFD CDA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011947","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011495","name":"Massachusetts Life Sciences Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1042774441A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1042774441A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011495","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011495","name":"Massachusetts Life Sciences Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["44020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["44020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011495","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011495","name":"Massachusetts Life Sciences Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OFD CDA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFD CDA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011495","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006823","name":"Boston Children\u2019s Hospital Office of Faculty Development Career Development Award","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1042774441A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1042774441A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006823","name":"Boston Children\u2019s Hospital Office of Faculty Development Career Development Award","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["44020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["44020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006823","name":"Boston Children\u2019s Hospital Office of Faculty Development Career Development Award","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OFD CDA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OFD CDA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breastmilk provides key nutrients and bio-active factors that contribute to infant neurodevelopment. Optimizing maternal nutrition could provide further benefit to psychomotor outcomes. Our observational cohort pilot study aims to determine if breastfeeding extent and breastmilk nutrients correlate with psychomotor outcomes at school age. The breastfeeding proportion at 3 months of age and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 3\u20135 years of age were recorded for 33 typically developing newborns born after uncomplicated pregnancies. The association between categorical breastfeeding proportion and neurodevelopmental outcome scores was determined for the cohort using a Spearman correlation with and without the inclusion of parental factors. Vitamin E and carotenoid levels were determined in breastmilk samples from 14 of the mothers. After the inclusion of parental education and income as covariates, motor skill scores positively correlated with breastmilk contents of \u03b1-tocopherol (Spearman coefficient 0.88, p-value = 0.02), translutein (0.98, p-value = 0.0007), total lutein (0.92, p-value = 0.01), and zeaxanthin (0.93, p-value = 0.0068). Problem solving skills negatively correlated with the levels of the RSR enantiomer of \u03b1-tocopherol (\u22120.86, p-value = 0.03). Overall, higher exposure to breastfeeding was associated with improved gross motor and problem-solving skills at 3\u20135 years of age. The potential of \u03b1-tocopherol, lutein, and zeaxanthin intake to provide neurodevelopmental benefit is worthy of further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14112215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T23:43:03Z","timestamp":1653867783000},"page":"2215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Increased Breastfeeding Proportion Is Associated with Improved Gross Motor Skills at 3\u20135 Years of Age: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9848-8347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica E.","family":"D\u2019Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7177-0721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rutvi","family":"Vyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Sisitsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1748-0894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry A.","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3777-2621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Borjan","family":"Gagoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8748-2449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Litt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Kuchan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, OH 43219, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0926-0576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John B.","family":"Lasekan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, OH 43219, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8443-0408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brad P.","family":"Sutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1005-4013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia Ellen","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yangming","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7816-2646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah U.","family":"Morton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, 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