{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T05:13:59Z","timestamp":1789449239184,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intermittent fasting is a popular diet for weight loss, but concerns have been raised regarding the effects of fasting on the reproductive health of women and men. Accordingly, we conducted this literature review to clarify the effects of fasting on reproductive hormone levels in humans. Our results suggest that intermittent fasting decreases androgen markers (i.e., testosterone and the free androgen index (FAI)) while increasing sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels in premenopausal females with obesity. This effect was more likely to occur when food consumption was confined to earlier in the day (eating all food before 4 pm). In contrast, fasting did not have any effect on estrogen, gonadotropins, or prolactin levels in women. As for men, intermittent fasting reduced testosterone levels in lean, physically active, young males, but it did not affect SHBG concentrations. Interestingly, muscle mass and muscular strength were not negatively affected by these reductions in testosterone. In interpreting these findings, it is important to note that very few studies have been conducted on this topic. Thus, it is difficult to draw solid conclusions at present. From the limited data presented here, it is possible that intermittent fasting may decrease androgen markers in both genders. If this is the case, these results would have varied health implications. On the one hand, fasting may prove to be a valuable tool for treating hyperandrogenism in females with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) by improving menstruation and fertility. On the other hand, fasting may be shown to decrease androgens among males, which could negatively affect metabolic health and libido. More research is warranted to confirm these preliminary findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14112343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T10:33:01Z","timestamp":1654252381000},"page":"2343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Reproductive Hormone Levels in Females and Males: A Review of Human Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2225-527X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Cienfuegos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60647, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Corapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60647, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4613-8892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelsey","family":"Gabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60647, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Ezpeleta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60647, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4326-4009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faiza","family":"Kalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60647, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7982-746X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuhao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60647, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Pavlou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60647, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krista A.","family":"Varady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60647, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-052020-041327","article-title":"Cardiometabolic Benefits of Intermittent Fasting","volume":"41","author":"Varady","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. 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