{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T14:10:45Z","timestamp":1784038245226,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Acad\u00e9mie de Recherche et d\u2019Enseignement Sup\u00e9rieur (ARES)","award":["PRD-2017-CS-PMS RDC V2006-08-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRD-2017-CS-PMS RDC V2006-08-22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Long-term impact of different forms of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in childhood on the emergence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) is poorly known. Aim: To explore the association between subtypes of SAM during childhood, NCDs, and cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) in young adults 11 to 30 years after post-SAM nutritional rehabilitation. Methods: In this follow-up study, we investigated 524 adults (mean age 22 years) treated for SAM during childhood in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) between 1988 and 2007. Among them, 142 had a history of marasmus, 175 of kwashiorkor, and 207 had mixed-form SAM. These participants were compared to 407 aged- and sex-matched control adults living in the same community without a history of SAM. Our outcomes of interest were cardiometabolic risk markers for NCDs. Logistic and linear regressions models were sued to estimate the association between subtype of SAM in childhood and risk of NCDs. Results: Compared to unexposed, former mixed-type SAM participants had a higher adjusted ORs of metabolic syndrome [2.68 (1.18; 8.07)], central obesity [1.89 (1.11; 3.21)] and low HDL-C (High-density lipoprotein cholesterol) [1.52 (1.08; 2.62)]. However, there was no difference between groups in terms of diabetes, high blood pressure, elevated LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and hyper TG (hypertriglyceridemia) and overweightness. Former mixed-type SAM participants had higher mean fasting glucose [3.38 mg\/dL (0.92; 7.7)], reduced muscle strength [\u22123.47 kg (\u22125.82; \u22121.11)] and smaller hip circumference [\u22122.27 cm (\u22124.24; \u22120.31)] compared to non-exposed. Regardless of subtypes, SAM-exposed participants had higher HbA1c than unexposed (p &lt; 0.001). Those with a history of kwashiorkor had cardiometabolic and nutritional parameters almost superimposable to those of unexposed. Conclusion: The association between childhood SAM, prevalence of NCDs and their CVRFs in adulthood varies according to SAM subtypes, those with mixed form being most at risk. Multicenter studies on larger cohorts of older participants are needed to elucidate the impact of SAM subtypes on NCDs risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T01:39:54Z","timestamp":1655257194000},"page":"2465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Risk of Chronic Disease after an Episode of Marasmus, Kwashiorkor or Mixed\u2013Type Severe Acute Malnutrition in the Democratic Republic of Congo: The Lwiro Follow-Up Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0413-2732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pacifique","family":"Mwene-Batu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole R\u00e9gionale de Sant\u00e9 Publique, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu P.O. Box 285, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Kaziba, Kaziba P.O. Box 85, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"H\u00f4pital Provincial General de Reference de Bukavu, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu P.O. Box 162, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghislain","family":"Bisimwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole R\u00e9gionale de Sant\u00e9 Publique, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu P.O. Box 285, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Donnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole de Sant\u00e9 Publique, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jocelyne","family":"Bisimwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole R\u00e9gionale de Sant\u00e9 Publique, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu P.O. Box 285, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9511-7994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Tshongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital Provincial General de Reference de Bukavu, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Bukavu, Bukavu P.O. Box 162, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Dramaix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole de Sant\u00e9 Publique, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel P.","family":"Hermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9390-8541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Briend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Motil, K.J., and Hoppin, A.G. 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