{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:59:35Z","timestamp":1787029175470,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondazione AIRC","award":["N. 24706"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N. 24706"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: There is evidence of an inverse association between yoghurt intake and risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed at investigating the association between the intake of yoghurt and other dairy foods consumed in Iran and CRC risk. Methods: Our analysis included 4070 subjects within the IROPICAN (Iran Study of Opium and Cancer) study. Detailed information was collected by the use of validated questionnaires. We estimated adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between the intake of total dairy products, and, separately, of yoghurt, milk, cheese, kashk, dough, cream, ice cream, and other milk products, and CRC using unconditional logistic regression analyses. The intake was categorized in tertiles. Results: Overall, we analyzed 865 cases and 3205 controls. Total dairy products intake was not associated with CRC. The OR for one tertile increase (OR_T) in yoghurt intake was 0.97 (95% CI 0.87\u20131.08) for CRC and 0.66 (95% CI 0.52\u20130.84) for proximal colon cancer. Cream intake was associated with CRC (OR_T3 = 1.33, 95% CI 1.08\u20131.64), colon (OR_T3 = 1.37, 95% CI 1.03\u20131.81), and proximal cancer (OR_T3 = 1.29, 95% CI 1.04\u20131.61). The OR of distal colon cancer for ice cream intake was 0.59 (95% CI 0.43\u20130.82). Other dairy products were not associated with CRC risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T05:25:11Z","timestamp":1655443511000},"page":"2506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Consumption of Yoghurt and Other Dairy Products and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Iran: The IROPICAN Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2309-7365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Collatuzzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monireh Sadat","family":"Seyyedsalehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Rezaeianzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorectal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Marzban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Bushehr University of Medical Science, Bushehr 7514763448, Iran"},{"name":"Clinical Research Development Center, The Persian Gulf Martyrs, Bushehr University of Medical Science, Bushehr 7514763448, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamideh","family":"Rashidian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5486-7513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Hadji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran"},{"name":"Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farin","family":"Kamangar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Etemadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran"},{"name":"Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20810, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eero","family":"Pukkala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Finnish Cancer Registry\u2014Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazem","family":"Zendehdel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3811-2791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Boffetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2019.05.009","article-title":"Cancer incidence in Iran in 2014: Results of the Iranian national population-based cancer registry","volume":"61","author":"Roshandel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32319-0","article-title":"Colorectal cancer","volume":"394","author":"Dekker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.126508","article-title":"Reflections on nutritional cancer epidemiology","volume":"103","author":"Boffetta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ubago-Guisado, E., Rodr\u00edguez-Barranco, M., Ching-L\u00f3pez, A., Petrova, D., Molina-Montes, E., Amiano, P., Barricarte-Gurrea, A., Chirlaque, M.D., Agudo, A., and S\u00e1nchez, M.J. (2021). Evidence update on the relationship between diet and the most common cancers from the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC) study: A systematic review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103582"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789006","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.789006","article-title":"Higher yogurt consumption is associated with lower risk of colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"3","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9948814","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9948814","article-title":"Dairy consumption and risk of conventional and serrated precursors of colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"2021","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx171","article-title":"Foods and beverages and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies, an update of the evidence of the WCRF-AICR Continuous update project","volume":"28","author":"Vieira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuy059","article-title":"The role of yogurt in food-based dietary guidelines","volume":"76","author":"Gueimonde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000393","article-title":"Prophylactic effects of secretion metabolites of dairy lactobacilli through downregulation of ErbB-2 and ErbB-3 genes on colon cancer cells","volume":"29","author":"Faghfoori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109107","article-title":"The protein and peptide fractions of kashk, a traditional Middle East fermented dairy product","volume":"132","author":"Pourjoula","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2019.1688250","article-title":"Lactobacillus fermentum: A bacterial species with potential for food preservation and biomedical applications","volume":"60","author":"Naghmouchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.34172\/aim.2021.27","article-title":"The Iranian study of opium and cancer (IROPICAN): Rationale, design, and initial findings","volume":"24","author":"Hadji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Iran. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rashidian, H., Hadji, M., Marzban, M., Gholipour, M., Rahimi-Movaghar, A., Kamangar, F., Malekzadeh, R., Weiderpass, E., Rezaianzadeh, A., and Moradi, A. (2017). Sensitivity of self-reported opioid use in case-control studies: Healthy individuals versus hospitalized patients. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183017"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx314","article-title":"Prospective epidemiological research studies in Iran (the PERSIAN cohort study): Rationale, objectives, and design","volume":"187","author":"Poustchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (2019). USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Legacy Release."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Food Policy and Nutrition Division, Consumer Nutrition Center (U.S.) (1982). Food Composition Tables for the Near East, Food and Agriculture Organization."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Musaiger, A.O. (2011). Food Composition Tables for Kingdom of Bahrain, University of Bahrain."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa244","article-title":"Yogurt consumption and colorectal cancer incidence and mortality in the Nurses\u2032 Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study","volume":"112","author":"Michels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601522","article-title":"Dairy products and colorectal cancer. A review of possible mechanisms and epidemiological evidence","volume":"57","author":"Norat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01954-1","article-title":"Consumption of modern and traditional Moroccan dairy products and colorectal cancer risk: A large case control study","volume":"59","author":"Hatime","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-019-0969-8","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of milk and dairy products: A comprehensive review of the current knowledge","volume":"18","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-019-00706-2","article-title":"The role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of colorectal carcinoma","volume":"65","author":"Kuzma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.08.011","article-title":"Regional diversity of the gastrointestinal microbiome","volume":"26","author":"Leone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727937","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.727937","article-title":"Tumor-associated microbiota in proximal and distal colorectal cancer and their relationships with clinical outcomes","volume":"12","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650026","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.650026","article-title":"Fecal microbiota and gut microbe-derived extracellular vesicles in colorectal cancer","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705927","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.705927","article-title":"Results of the ECHO (Eating habits CHanges in Oncologic patients) Survey: An Italian cross-sectional multicentric study to explore dietary changes and dietary supplement use, in breast cancer survivors","volume":"11","author":"Caprara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuy056","article-title":"Yogurt and other fermented foods as sources of health-promoting bacteria","volume":"76","author":"Kok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2015.0173","article-title":"Effect of probiotic yoghurt on animal-based diet-induced change in gut microbiota: An open, randomised, parallel-group study","volume":"7","author":"Odamaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutos.2021.05.002","article-title":"Consumption of milk and dairy products in Iranian population; barriers and facilitators","volume":"38","author":"Rabiei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109972","article-title":"Use of strawberry and vanilla natural flavors for sugar reduction: A dynamic sensory study with yogurt","volume":"139","author":"Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, A.L., Ronquillo, J.D., Morillo-Santander, G., Mazariegos, C.V., Lopez-Donado, L., Vargas-Garcia, E.J., Curtin, L., Parrett, A., and Mutoro, A.N. (2020). Sugar content and nutritional quality of child orientated ready to eat cereals and yoghurts in the UK and Latin America; Does food policy matter?. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030856"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.128573","article-title":"Strategies for lowering the added sugar in yogurts","volume":"344","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meybodi, N.M., Ebrahimi, M.T., and Mortazavian, A.M. (2016). Ethnic Fermented Foods and Beverage of Iran. Ethnic Fermented Foods and Alcoholic Beverages of Asia, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-2800-4_12"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2014.01.045","article-title":"Consumption of raw or heated milk from different species: An evaluation of the nutritional and potential health benefits","volume":"42","author":"Claeys","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab252","article-title":"Gut microbiome diversity and composition are associated with habitual dairy intakes: A cross-sectional study in men","volume":"151","author":"Aslam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2000319","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202000319","article-title":"Intake of fermented dairy products induces a less pro-inflammatory postprandial peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression response than non-fermented dairy products: A randomized controlled cross-over trial","volume":"64","author":"Rundblad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salan\u021b\u0103, L.C. (2020). Valuable Food Molecules with Potential Benefits for Human Health. The Health Benefits of Foods\u2014Current Knowledge and Further Development, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.91218"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.04.042","article-title":"Determination of aflatoxin M1 levels in Iranian white and cream cheese","volume":"47","author":"Fallah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"5","article-title":"Do gastroenterologists consider aflatoxins as origin of digestive system cancers?","volume":"5","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacovigil."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1139","article-title":"Aflatoxin M1 concentration in various dairy products: Evidence for biologically reduced amount of AFM1 in yoghurt","volume":"43","author":"Rahimirad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2021-0028","article-title":"The prevalence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in conventional and industrial dairy products (yogurt, cheese, kashk and dough) of Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Makhdoumi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3991","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2015.16.9.3991","article-title":"Relationships of Colorectal Cancer with Dietary Factors and Public Health Indicators: An Ecological Study","volume":"16","author":"Abbastabar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"46","article-title":"Fatty acids as biomarkers of total dairy and dairy fat intakes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Pranger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1080\/1354750X.2019.1583770","article-title":"Circulating fatty acids as biomarkers of dairy fat intake: Data from the lifelines biobank and cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Pranger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basak, S., and Duttaroy, A.K. (2020). Conjugated linoleic acid and its beneficial effects in obesity, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071913"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31540","article-title":"Dairy product consumption and risk of colorectal cancer in an older mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk","volume":"143","author":"Babio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.4.894","article-title":"High-fat dairy food and conjugated linoleic acid intakes in relation to colorectal cancer incidence in the Swedish Mammography Cohort","volume":"82","author":"Larsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000245","article-title":"Dietary patterns and colorectal cancer risk: A meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P05","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzz030.P05-039-19","article-title":"Dietary sodium (salt) intake and risk of colorectal cancer: A systematic review (P05-039-19)","volume":"3","author":"Yakoob","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/01635588909514036","article-title":"Dietary sodium and potassium intake and colorectal cancer risk","volume":"12","author":"Kune","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012003369","article-title":"The role of number of meals, coffee intake, salt and type of cookware on colorectal cancer development in the context of the Mediterranean diet","volume":"16","author":"Kontou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owusu-Kwarteng, J., Tano-Debrah, K., Akabanda, F., and Jespersen, L. (2015). Technological properties and probiotic potential of Lactobacillus fermentum strains isolated from West African fermented millet dough. BMC Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0602-6"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.-E., Kim, J.H., Cho, N., Park, S.B., Koh, B., Kang, D., and Yoo, H.M. (2019). Characterization of the anti-cancer activity of the probiotic bacterium lactobacillus fermentum using 2D vs. 3D culture in colorectal cancer cells. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9100557"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"369","article-title":"Food item avoidance of patients with irritable bowel syndrome compared with healthy people","volume":"22","author":"Soltani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Iran. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2021.15.4.411","article-title":"Dietary modulation of gut microbiota for the relief of irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-00445-1","article-title":"Rising incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer\u2014A call to action","volume":"18","author":"Akimoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.12.068","article-title":"An Update on the Epidemiology, Molecular Characterization, Diagnosis, and Screening Strategies for Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer","volume":"160","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-021-05110-8","article-title":"Preparation and evaluation of Quinoa-Kishk as a novel functional fermented dairy product","volume":"59","author":"Ismail","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/12\/2506\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:33:11Z","timestamp":1760139191000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/12\/2506"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14122506"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14122506","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]]}}}