{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T11:27:31Z","timestamp":1793014051103,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGL2017-83447-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2017-83447-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["945413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["945413"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["URV-AG-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["URV-AG-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["URV-LE-594-595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["URV-LE-594-595"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020PMF-PIPF-38"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020PMF-PIPF-38"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union's Horizon 2020","award":["AGL2017-83447-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2017-83447-R"]}]},{"name":"European Union's Horizon 2020","award":["945413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["945413"]}]},{"name":"European Union's Horizon 2020","award":["URV-AG-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["URV-AG-02"]}]},{"name":"European Union's Horizon 2020","award":["URV-LE-594-595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["URV-LE-594-595"]}]},{"name":"European Union's Horizon 2020","award":["2020PMF-PIPF-38"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020PMF-PIPF-38"]}]},{"name":"Programa Serra-H\u00fanter- Generalitat de Catalunya","award":["AGL2017-83447-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2017-83447-R"]}]},{"name":"Programa Serra-H\u00fanter- Generalitat de Catalunya","award":["945413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["945413"]}]},{"name":"Programa Serra-H\u00fanter- Generalitat de Catalunya","award":["URV-AG-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["URV-AG-02"]}]},{"name":"Programa Serra-H\u00fanter- Generalitat de Catalunya","award":["URV-LE-594-595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["URV-LE-594-595"]}]},{"name":"Programa Serra-H\u00fanter- Generalitat de Catalunya","award":["2020PMF-PIPF-38"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020PMF-PIPF-38"]}]},{"name":"Programa Mart\u00ed i Franqu\u00e8s-PhD grants- Universitat Rovira i Virgil","award":["AGL2017-83447-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2017-83447-R"]}]},{"name":"Programa Mart\u00ed i Franqu\u00e8s-PhD grants- Universitat Rovira i Virgil","award":["945413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["945413"]}]},{"name":"Programa Mart\u00ed i Franqu\u00e8s-PhD grants- Universitat Rovira i Virgil","award":["URV-AG-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["URV-AG-02"]}]},{"name":"Programa Mart\u00ed i Franqu\u00e8s-PhD grants- Universitat Rovira i Virgil","award":["URV-LE-594-595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["URV-LE-594-595"]}]},{"name":"Programa Mart\u00ed i Franqu\u00e8s-PhD grants- Universitat Rovira i Virgil","award":["2020PMF-PIPF-38"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020PMF-PIPF-38"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Western-style diet is an obesogenic diet for rodents and humans due to its content of saturated fat and refined sugars, mainly sucrose and, in consequence, sucrose-derived fructose. This type of diets relates with intestinal disturbances when consumed regularly. The aim of this work was to analyse the adaptive morphologic and functional changes at intestinal level derived from the unhealthy components of a Cafeteria diet in rats. The effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) in the prevention of diet-induced intestinal dysfunction was also analysed. Rats were fed a 17-week cafeteria diet (CAF) without or with oral-GSPE supplementation, either intermittent GSPE administration (SIT-CAF); last 10-day GSPE supplementation at doses of 100 mg\/kg and 500 mg\/kg day (CORR-100) and (CORR-500) or pre-supplementation with 500 mg\/kg GSPE (PRE-CAF). GSPE-CAF supplemented groups showed similar results to CAF diet group regarding morphology and inflammatory score in the duodenum. As an adaptive response to diet, CAF increased intestinal absorptive surface (1.24-fold) all along the intestinal tract and specifically in the small intestine, duodenum, due to increase villus height and a higher villus\/crypt ratio, in addition to increase in Goblet cell percentage and inflammatory index. Animals fed GSPE at the current doses and times had higher villus heights and absorptive surface similar to Cafeteria diet group. In the duodenum, villus height correlated with body weight at 17 week and negatively with MLCK gene expression. In the colon, villus height correlated with the percentage of goblet cells. In conclusion, the CAF diet produced adaptive modifications of the intestine by increasing the absorptive area of the small intestine, the percentage of goblet cells and the inflammatory index at the duodenal level. GSPE supplementation can partially reverse the intestinal morphological changes induced by the high fat\/sucrose diet when administered intermittently.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14132608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T22:43:00Z","timestamp":1656024180000},"page":"2608","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Intestinal Morphometric Changes Induced by a Western-Style Diet in Wistar Rats and GSPE Counter-Regulatory Effect"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8892-052X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Seg\u00fa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mobiofood Research Group, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, C\/ Marcel\u00b7l\u00ed Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florijan","family":"Jal\u0161evac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mobiofood Research Group, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, C\/ Marcel\u00b7l\u00ed Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3550-5378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montserrat","family":"Pinent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mobiofood Research Group, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, C\/ Marcel\u00b7l\u00ed Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0156-7538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Ard\u00e9vol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mobiofood Research Group, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, C\/ Marcel\u00b7l\u00ed Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1043-5844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ximena","family":"Terra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mobiofood Research Group, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, C\/ Marcel\u00b7l\u00ed Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6256-9847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Blay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mobiofood Research Group, Departament de Bioqu\u00edmica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, C\/ Marcel\u00b7l\u00ed Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-016-0225-2","article-title":"A review of total & added sugar intakes and dietary sources in Europe","volume":"16","author":"Sluik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marriott, B.P., Hunt, K.J., Malek, A.M., and Newman, J.C. (2019). Trends in intake of energy and total sugar from sugar-sweetened beverages in the United States among children and adults, NHANES 2003\u20132016. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092004"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2085","article-title":"Dietary sugar and body weight: Have we reached a crisis in the epidemic of obesity and diabetes? Health be damned! Pour on the sugar","volume":"37","author":"Bray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). Guideline: Sugars Intake for Adults and Children, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.07.012","article-title":"The co-administration of proanthocyanidins and an obesogenic diet prevents the increase in intestinal permeability and metabolic endotoxemia derived to the diet","volume":"62","author":"Pinent","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gin\u00e9s, I., Gil-Cardoso, K., Serrano, J., Casanova-Mart\u00ed, \u00c0., Blay, M., Pinent, M., Ard\u00e9vol, A., and Terra, X. (2018). Effects of an Intermittent Grape-Seed Proanthocyanidin (GSPE) Treatment on a Cafeteria Diet Obesogenic Challenge in Rats. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030315"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Quilen, C., Gil-Cardoso, K., Gin\u00e9s, I., Beltr\u00e1n-Deb\u00f3n, R., Pinent, M., Ard\u00e9vol, A., Terra, X., and Blay, M.T. (2019). Grape-Seed Proanthocyanidins are Able to Reverse Intestinal Dysfunction and Metabolic Endotoxemia Induced by a Cafeteria Diet in Wistar Rats. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11050979"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Xu, M., Niu, Q., Xu, S., Ding, Y., Yan, Y., Guo, S., and Li, F. (2015). Efficacy of Procyanidins against In Vivo Cellular Oxidative Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139455"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e9rez, C., Garc\u00eda-Villanova, B., Guerra-Hern\u00e1ndez, E., and Verardo, V. (2019). Grape Seeds Proanthocyanidins: An Overview of In Vivo Bioactivity in Animal Models. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102435"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.129783","article-title":"Epicatechin, procyanidins, cocoa, and appetite: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"104","author":"Greenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.08.007","article-title":"Effects of low molecular weight procyanidin rich extract from french maritime pine bark on cardiovascular disease risk factors in stage-1 hypertensive subjects: Randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled intervention trial","volume":"23","author":"Valls","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.03.028","article-title":"Chronic administration of apple polyphenols ameliorates hyperglycaemia in high-normal and borderline subjects: A randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"129","author":"Shoji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Re. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.36.2.209","article-title":"Rat intestinal mucosal responses to a microbial flora and different diets","volume":"36","author":"Sharma","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500717","article-title":"Gender-related similarities and differences in the body distribution of grape seed flavanols in rats","volume":"60","author":"Margalef","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s102380200018","article-title":"A simple new method to calculate small intestine absorptive surface in the rat","volume":"2","author":"Kisielinski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516004608","article-title":"A cafeteria diet triggers intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress in obese rats","volume":"117","author":"Pinent","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601039","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201601039","article-title":"Chronic supplementation with dietary proanthocyanidins protects from diet-induced intestinal alterations in obese rats","volume":"61","author":"Pinent","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2010.9707125","article-title":"Morphological and Enzymological Studies of the Small Intestine Villi of Rats Receiving Diets Containing Different Levels of Protein","volume":"37","author":"Teshfam","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.32","article-title":"New developments in goblet cell mucus secretion and function","volume":"8","author":"Birchenough","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Do, M.H., Lee, E., Oh, M.-J., Kim, Y., and Park, H.-Y. (2018). High-Glucose or -Fructose Diet Cause Changes of the Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Disorders in Mice without Body Weight Change. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060761"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.16.6.462","article-title":"The nutritive effect of glucose on teh structure and function of jejunal self-emptying blind loops in the rat","volume":"16","author":"Menge","year":"1975","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7875","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03827-2","article-title":"Dietary fructose improves intestinal cell survival and nutrient absorption","volume":"597","author":"Taylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-013-2338-7","article-title":"High-Fat Diet Enhances Villus Growth During the Adaptation Response to Massive Proximal Small Bowel Resection HHS Public Access","volume":"18","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Y., and Blikslager, A.T. (2020). The Regulation of Intestinal Mucosal Barrier by Myosin Light Chain Kinase\/Rho Kinases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103550"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2005.05.008","article-title":"Hypoglycemic effects of steroidal sapogenins isolated from Jamaican bitter yam, Dioscorea polygonoides","volume":"43","author":"McAnuff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"79","article-title":"Protective properties of grape-seed proanthocyanidins in human ex vivo acute colonic dysfunction induced by dextran sodium sulfate","volume":"60","author":"Pinent","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/13\/2608\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:38:50Z","timestamp":1760139530000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/13\/2608"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14132608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14132608","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]}}}