{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T12:25:34Z","timestamp":1793881534634,"version":"4.7.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer-associated malnutrition, or cachexia, stemming from cancer or its treatments, is particularly prevalent in metastatic cancers, and is often interrelated with sarcopenia and frailty. Evidence suggests that dietary supplements play a role in managing these conditions. As metastatic cancer cells are associated with notable genomic and phenotypic alterations, response to dietary supplements may differ between metastatic and non-metastatic cancers. However, research in this area is lacking. This scoping review aims to identify the dietary supplements that have been studied in patients with metastatic cancers and malnutrition-related conditions, along with their proposed effects, mechanisms, outcome measures, and tools used. A systematic search was conducted across databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and clinical trial registries. Of the initial 6535 records screened, a total of 48 studies were included, covering a range of dietary supplements\u2014vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, proteins, amino acids, fatty acids, fiber, and others. While the types of dietary supplements included varied across cancer types, omega-3 and carnitine were investigated most often. Proposed relevant attributes of dietary supplements included their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory properties. Overall, there was a paucity of interventional studies, and more randomized controlled trials are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14132642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T21:01:41Z","timestamp":1656277301000},"page":"2642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Dietary Supplements in People with Metastatic Cancer Who Are Experiencing Malnutrition, Cachexia, Sarcopenia, and Frailty: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jolyn","family":"Johal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0756-6344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chad Yixian","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ria","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Munn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwaseyifunmi Andi","family":"Agbejule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3897-333X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona","family":"Crawford-Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia"},{"name":"Cancer and Palliative Care Outcomes Centre, School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew P.","family":"Wallen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia"},{"name":"School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Mount Helen, VIC 3350, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond J.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia"},{"name":"Cancer and Palliative Care Outcomes Centre, School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2794-0193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas H.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia"},{"name":"Cancer and Palliative Care Outcomes Centre, School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia"},{"name":"Exercise Medicine Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia"},{"name":"Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia"},{"name":"Precision Medicine (Cancer), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21565","article-title":"Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2019","volume":"69","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0134-x","article-title":"Molecular principles of metastasis: A hallmark of cancer revisited","volume":"5","author":"Fares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-020-05388-y","article-title":"Severe symptoms and very low quality-of-life among outpatients newly diagnosed with advanced cancer: Data from a multicenter cohort study","volume":"28","author":"Siemens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.13012","article-title":"Long-term effects of breast cancer surgery, treatment, and survivor care","volume":"64","author":"Lovelace","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Midwifery Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3927","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32423","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer\u2014A disease in need: Optimizing and integrating supportive care","volume":"125","author":"Moffat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2018.04.007","article-title":"Management of treatment-related toxicities in advanced medullary thyroid cancer","volume":"66","author":"Brose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"m376","article-title":"Autoimmune complications of immunotherapy: Pathophysiology and management","volume":"369","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T., Molassiotis, A., Chung, B.P.M., and Tan, J.-Y. (2018). Unmet care needs of advanced cancer patients and their informal caregivers: A systematic review. BMC Palliat. Care, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-018-0346-9"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2005.05.001","article-title":"An epidemiological evaluation of the prevalence of malnutrition in Spanish patients with locally advanced or metastatic cancer","volume":"24","author":"Segura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79884","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20168","article-title":"Prevalence of malnutrition in patients at first medical oncology visit: The PreMiO study","volume":"8","author":"Muscaritoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-012-0099-x","article-title":"Nutrition impact symptoms in advanced cancer patients: Frequency and specific interventions, a case\u2013control study","volume":"4","author":"Omlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy244","article-title":"Validated screening tools for the assessment of cachexia, sarcopenia, and malnutrition: A systematic review","volume":"108","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Bahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-018-3128-1","article-title":"Can sarcopenia be a predictor of prognosis for patients with non-metastatic colorectal cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.S., Kim, Y.S., Kim, E.Y., and Jin, W. (2018). Prognostic significance of CT-determined sarcopenia in patients with advanced gastric cancer. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202700"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X.-M., Dou, Q.-L., Zeng, Y., Yang, Y., Cheng, A.S., and Zhang, W.-W. (2020). Sarcopenia as a predictor of mortality in women with breast cancer: A meta-analysis and systematic review. BMC Cancer, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-6645-6"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13819","article-title":"The prognostic importance of frailty in cancer survivors","volume":"63","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8588(05)70286-0","article-title":"Cancer in the frail patient: A coming epidemic","volume":"14","author":"Balducci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21406","article-title":"Frailty and cancer: Implications for oncology surgery, medical oncology, and radiation oncology","volume":"67","author":"Ethun","year":"2017","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328352694f","article-title":"Malnutrition, fatigue, frailty, vulnerability, sarcopenia and cachexia: Overlap of clinical features","volume":"15","author":"Jeejeebhoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.07.015","article-title":"ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients","volume":"36","author":"Arends","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2124-0","article-title":"Dietary modifications for enhanced cancer therapy","volume":"579","author":"Kanarek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (2022, April 07). Food Supplements. Available online: https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/en\/topics\/topic\/food-supplements."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration (2022, April 07). Dietary Supplement Products & Ingredients, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/dietary-supplements\/dietary-supplement-products-ingredients."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.13.5905","article-title":"Vitamin and mineral supplement use among US adults after cancer diagnosis: A systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Velicer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2018.0183","article-title":"Use of dietary supplements at a comprehensive cancer center","volume":"24","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12127","article-title":"A systematic review on the role of vitamins, minerals, proteins, and other supplements for the treatment of cachexia in cancer: A European Palliative Care Research Centre cachexia project","volume":"8","author":"Mochamat","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-20-00167","article-title":"Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews","volume":"18","author":"Peters","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBI Evid. Synth."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2022, May 17). Covidence Systematic Review Software, Veritas Health Innovation. Melbourne, Australia. Available online: www.covidence.org."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements (2022, May 17). Background Information: Dietary Supplements, Available online: https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/DietarySupplements-Consumer\/."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-010-0002-6","article-title":"Cachexia as a major underestimated and unmet medical need: Facts and numbers","volume":"1","author":"Anker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14743","article-title":"Undertaking a scoping review: A practical guide for nursing and midwifery students, clinicians, researchers, and academics","volume":"77","author":"Pollock","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araki, K., Miyata, Y., Ohba, K., Nakamura, Y., Matsuo, T., Mochizuki, Y., and Sakai, H. (2018). Oral Intake of Royal Jelly Has Protective Effects Against Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor-Induced Toxicity in Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Medicines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines6010002"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-008-0403-7","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a beta-hydroxyl beta-methyl butyrate, glutamine, and arginine mixture for the treatment of cancer cachexia (RTOG 0122)","volume":"16","author":"Berk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29532","article-title":"Perioperative arginine-supplemented nutrition in malnourished patients with head and neck cancer improves long-term survival","volume":"92","author":"Buijs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/01635580701365068","article-title":"Effects of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic n-3 fatty acids from fish oil and preferential Cox-2 inhibition on systemic syndromes in patients with advanced lung cancer","volume":"59","author":"Cerchietti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6923","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.2517","article-title":"Whey protein isolate supplementation improves body composition, muscle strength, and treatment tolerance in malnourished advanced cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy","volume":"8","author":"Cereda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19980115)82:2<403::AID-CNCR21>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids plus vitamin E restore immunodeficiency and prolong survival for severely ill patients with generalized malignancy: A randomized control trial","volume":"82","author":"Gogos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2018.1445766","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation and Survival in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","volume":"70","author":"Librenjak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-11-52","article-title":"L-Carnitine-supplementation in advanced pancreatic cancer (CARPAN)--a randomized multicentre trial","volume":"11","author":"Kraft","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2011.12.435","article-title":"A randomized phase III clinical trial of a combined treatment for cachexia in patients with gynecological cancers: Evaluating the impact on metabolic and inflammatory profiles and quality of life","volume":"124","author":"Madeddu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2010-0020","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of oral lactoferrin supplementation in combination with rHuEPO-beta for the treatment of anemia in advanced cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: Open-label, randomized controlled study","volume":"15","author":"Madeddu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2009-0153","article-title":"Randomized phase III clinical trial of five different arms of treatment in 332 patients with cancer cachexia","volume":"15","author":"Mantovani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(02)00823-1","article-title":"Reversal of cancer-related wasting using oral supplementation with a combination of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and glutamine","volume":"183","author":"May","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4206","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-5143","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of two doses of pemetrexed supplemented with folic acid and vitamin B12 in previously treated patients with non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"14","author":"Ohe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600659","article-title":"Plasma and neutrophil fatty acid composition in advanced cancer patients and response to fish oil supplementation","volume":"87","author":"Pratt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.03.006","article-title":"Effects of an oral nutritional supplement containing eicosapentaenoic acid on nutritional and clinical outcomes in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: Randomised trial","volume":"33","author":"Turcott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4826","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05278-0","article-title":"Fish oil-enriched nutrition combined with systemic chemotherapy for gastrointestinal cancer patients with cancer cachexia","volume":"7","author":"Shirai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12201","article-title":"A randomized phase II feasibility trial of a multimodal intervention for the management of cachexia in lung and pancreatic cancer","volume":"8","author":"Solheim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2020.1871495","article-title":"Randomized Phase II Study of Gemcitabine Monotherapy vs. Gemcitabine with an EPA-Enriched Oral Supplement in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"74","author":"Ueno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0000000000000814","article-title":"Phase I Study of Muscadine Grape Extract for Patients With Advanced Cancer","volume":"44","author":"Bitting","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2005.06.003","article-title":"Efficacy of l-carnitine administration on fatigue, nutritional status, oxidative stress, and related quality of life in 12 advanced cancer patients undergoing anticancer therapy","volume":"22","author":"Gramignano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0538","article-title":"A phase II study with antioxidants, both in the diet and supplemented, pharmaconutritional support, progestagen, and anti-cyclooxygenase-2 showing efficacy and safety in patients with cancer-related anorexia\/cachexia and oxidative stress","volume":"15","author":"Mantovani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25709","article-title":"Nutritional intervention with fish oil provides a benefit over standard of care for weight and skeletal muscle mass in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer receiving chemotherapy","volume":"117","author":"Murphy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12351","article-title":"Feasibility of early multimodal interventions for elderly patients with advanced pancreatic and non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"10","author":"Naito","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pascoe, J., Jackson, A., Gaskell, C., Gaunt, C., Thompson, J., Billingham, L., and Steven, N. (2021). Beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate\/arginine\/glutamine (HMB\/Arg\/Gln) supplementation to improve the management of cachexia in patients with advanced lung cancer: An open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled phase II trial (NOURISH). BMC Cancer, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08519-8"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-006-0153-3","article-title":"Nutrition intervention using an eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-containing supplement in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Effects on nutritional and inflammatory status: A phase II trial","volume":"15","author":"Read","year":"2007","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1188\/21.ONF.352-360","article-title":"Associations Between Cholecalciferol Supplementation and Self-Reported Symptoms Among Women With Metastatic Breast Cancer and Vitamin D Deficiency: A Pilot Study","volume":"48","author":"Robinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncol. Nurs. Forum"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-015-2954-x","article-title":"Phase II study of oral vitamin B12 supplementation as an alternative to intramuscular injection for patients with non-small cell lung cancer undergoing pemetrexed therapy","volume":"77","author":"Takagi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2014-0221","article-title":"A prospective study of shortened vitamin supplementation prior to cisplatin-pemetrexed therapy for non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"19","author":"Takagi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"225","article-title":"Administration of 1 alpha-OH vitamin D3 and calcium prevents bone mass loss in patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma after orchidectomy treated with complete androgenic blockade","volume":"56","author":"Debski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-009-0640-4","article-title":"Marine phospholipids--a promising new dietary approach to tumor-associated weight loss","volume":"18","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)68001-9","article-title":"Treatment of vitamin D deficiency in patients with metastatic prostate cancer may improve bone pain and muscle strength","volume":"163","author":"Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327914NC3602_6","article-title":"Effect of oral eicosapentaenoic acid on weight loss in patients with pancreatic cancer","volume":"36","author":"Wigmore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112226","article-title":"A phase II study of docetaxel plus lycopene in metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer","volume":"143","author":"Zhuang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"13","article-title":"Postoperative enteral immunonutrition in head and neck cancer patients: Impact on clinical outcomes","volume":"67","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr. (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0000000000000111","article-title":"Association of Graded Folic Acid Supplementation and Total Plasma Homocysteine Levels With Hematological Toxicity During First-line Treatment of Nonsquamous NSCLC Patients With Pemetrexed-based Chemotherapy","volume":"40","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2017.47","article-title":"Omega-3 therapeutic supplementation in a patient with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas with muscle mass depletion","volume":"71","author":"Ramalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-5-372","article-title":"Treatment of severe neutropenia with high-dose pyridoxine in a patient with chronic graft versus host disease and squamous cell carcinoma: A case report","volume":"5","author":"Rauf","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"18","article-title":"Impact of EPA nutritional approach on cachexic patients with advanced hypopharyngeal cancer treated by induction chemotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Yoshii","year":"2014","journal-title":"Head Neck Oncol."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"151","article-title":"Novel treatment approaches to cancer cachexia: Results from two recent randomized controlled trials using essential amino acids and espindolol","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2014.32.31_suppl.189","article-title":"A combined treatment approach for cachexia and cancer-related anemia in advanced cancer patients: A randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Madeddu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"S57","article-title":"A randomized phase III clinical trial of a combined treatment with megestrol acetate+carnitine+celecoxib+antioxidants vs. Megestrol acetate alone for patients with cancer cachexia syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Madeddu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2019.37.7_suppl.660","article-title":"Preliminary results of phase I clinical trial of high doses of seleno-L-methionine (SLM) in sequential combination with axitinib in previously treated and relapsed clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patients","volume":"37","author":"Garje","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"46","article-title":"Phase II clinical trial using aminotrofic in the prevention of anorexia and cachexia in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: Evaluation of the efficacy and safety","volume":"21","author":"Lugini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-7534(20)33996-X","article-title":"Curcuma Longa extract is effective in improving inflammatory status and redox balance in patients with cancer-related cachexia and oxidative stress","volume":"23","author":"Mantovani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19634","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e19634","article-title":"Krill oil to improve blood lipids status in advanced cancer patient with cachexia","volume":"30","author":"Serpe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"25","article-title":"Preventive Surcosomial\u00ae iron supplementation in an elder patient undergoing exclusive radiation therapy treatment for nasopharyngeal cancer with laterocervical lymph node metastasis: Clinical case","volume":"10","author":"Ricottone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"(2022, May 17). NCT00398333. Study to Assess the Effectiveness of a Omega-3 Enriched Supplement on Chemotherapy Tolerance in Colon Cancer Patients, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT00398333."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"(2022, May 17). NCT05119010. A Pilot Study Evaluating a Ketogenic Diet Concomitant to Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (KETOREIN), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT05119010."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2020.2148","article-title":"Oral intake of royal jelly improves anti-cancer effects and suppresses adverse events of molecular targeted therapy by regulating TNF-\u03b1 and TGF-\u03b2 in renal cell carcinoma: A preliminary study based on a randomized double-blind clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Miyata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.45.2722","article-title":"Cancer cachexia in the age of obesity: Skeletal muscle depletion is a powerful prognostic factor, independent of body mass index","volume":"31","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.11.005","article-title":"Omega-3 supplements for patients in chemotherapy and\/or radiotherapy: A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Waitzberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711450765795X","article-title":"n-3 Fatty acids, cancer and cachexia: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"97","author":"Colomer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"CD004597","article-title":"Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, an omega-3 fatty acid from fish oils) for the treatment of cancer cachexia","volume":"2007","author":"Dewey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2010.09.001","article-title":"History and overview of DSHEA","volume":"82","author":"Dickinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/13\/2642\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:38:33Z","timestamp":1760139513000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/13\/2642"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14132642"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14132642","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]]}}}