{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T22:49:31Z","timestamp":1786229371721,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Pediatria Preventiva e Sociale"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several institutions propose responsive feeding (RF) as the caregivers\u2019 relational standard when nurturing a child, from breast\/formula feeding onwards. Previous systematic reviews (SRs) on caregivers\u2019 feeding practices (CFPs) have included studies on populations from countries with different cultures, rates of malnutrition, and incomes, whereas this SR compares different CFPs only in healthy children (4\u201324 months) from industrialized countries. Clinical questions were about the influence of different CFPs on several important outcomes, namely growth, overweight\/obesity, risk of choking, dental caries, type 2 diabetes (DM2), and hypertension. The literature review does not support any Baby Led Weaning\u2019s or Baby-Led Introduction to SolidS\u2019 (BLISS) positive influence on children\u2019s weight\u2013length gain, nor their preventive effect on future overweight\/obesity. RF-CFPs can result in adequate weight gain and a lower incidence of overweight\/obesity during the first two years of life, whereas restrictive styles and coercive styles, two kinds of non-RF in CF, can have a negative effect, favoring excess weight and lower weight, respectively. Choking risk: failure to supervise a child\u2019s meals by an adult represents the most important risk factor; no cause\u2013effect relation between BLW\/BLISS\/RF\/NRCF and choking could be found. Risks of DM2, hypertension, and caries: different CFPs cannot be considered as a risky or preventive factor for developing these conditions later in life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14132646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T21:01:41Z","timestamp":1656277301000},"page":"2646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Complementary Feeding Caregivers\u2019 Practices and Growth, Risk of Overweight\/Obesity, and Other Non-Communicable Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Marcello","family":"Bergamini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AUSL Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1724-5210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Simeone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASL Brindisi, 72023 Mesagne, Brindisi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Carmen","family":"Verga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASL Salerno, 84019 Vietri Sul Mare, Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattia","family":"Doria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AULSS 3 Serenissima, 30015 Chioggia, Venice, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8405-780X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Cuomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Belcolle Hospital, 01010 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"D\u2019Antonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 84100 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iride","family":"Dello Iacono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 82100 Benevento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Di Mauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASL Caserta, 81031 Aversa, Caserta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Leonardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences Department, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vito Leonardo","family":"Miniello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Unit, Department of Pediatrics, \u201cGiovanni XXIII\u201d Children Hospital, \u201cAldo Moro\u201d University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filomena","family":"Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASL Salerno, 84091 Battipaglia, Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Immacolata","family":"Scotese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASL Salerno, 84022 Campagna, Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3066-3940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Tezza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Bortolo Hospital, 36100 Vicenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Caroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 72021 Francavilla Fontana, Brindisi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6158-2495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Vania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 00162 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/69.6.1264","article-title":"Restricting access to palatable foods affects children\u2019s behavioral response, food selection, and intake","volume":"69","author":"Fisher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. 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