{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T01:45:43Z","timestamp":1772329543900,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007229","name":"Special Research Fund\/Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds (BOF) at Ghent University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BOF17\/DOC\/050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOF17\/DOC\/050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007229","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007229","name":"Special Research Fund\/Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds (BOF) at Ghent University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FAPEMIG-NORD-PAS-DE CALAIS CDS-APQ-03546-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAPEMIG-NORD-PAS-DE CALAIS CDS-APQ-03546-15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007229","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"France Region-FAPEMIG 2015","award":["BOF17\/DOC\/050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOF17\/DOC\/050"]}]},{"name":"France Region-FAPEMIG 2015","award":["FAPEMIG-NORD-PAS-DE CALAIS CDS-APQ-03546-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAPEMIG-NORD-PAS-DE CALAIS CDS-APQ-03546-15"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with a high risk of vascular complications. Interestingly, cocoa flavanols (CF) can exert beneficial vascular effects in non-diabetic subjects. However, these effects have only been scarcely studied in T2DM. Therefore, we performed a study to assess the effects on vascular reactivity of a single dose of CF (790 mg) in T2DM and whether certain antihypertensive drugs may modulate these effects. Methods: 24 non-diabetic and 11 T2DM subjects were studied in a cross-over design. Fasting blood samples, blood pressure (BP), and arterial vasoreactivity (flow-mediated dilation) were assessed before and 70 min after capsule ingestion. Muscle microvascular reactivity was only assessed after capsule ingestion. Age, waist-to-hip ratio, BP at baseline, and the use of antihypertensive drugs were regarded as covariates in a mixed models analysis. Results: CF ingestion did not affect any parameter. However, independent of the type of capsules ingested, a decrease in diastolic BP by 3 mmHg (95% CI: \u22124.0; \u22122.0) and an increase in the change in brachial artery diameter (pre vs. post occlusion) by 0.06 mm (95% CI: 0.01; 0.12) were detected in the non-diabetic group, while they remained unchanged in the T2DM group. Conclusion: No beneficial effects of CF were detected on vascular reactivity parameters in T2DM and non-diabetic participants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14132692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T01:48:38Z","timestamp":1656467318000},"page":"2692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Acute Effects of Cocoa Flavanols on Blood Pressure and Peripheral Vascular Reactivity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Essential Hypertension"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Anouk","family":"Tanghe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral C\u00f4te d\u2019Opale, ULR 7369-URePSSS-Unit\u00e9 de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Sant\u00e9 Soci\u00e9t\u00e9, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9340-7592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa","family":"Heyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral C\u00f4te d\u2019Opale, ULR 7369-URePSSS-Unit\u00e9 de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Sant\u00e9 Soci\u00e9t\u00e9, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"Institut Universitaire de France (IUF)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elodie","family":"Lespagnol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral C\u00f4te d\u2019Opale, ULR 7369-URePSSS-Unit\u00e9 de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Sant\u00e9 Soci\u00e9t\u00e9, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7473-9340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Stautemas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bert","family":"Celie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos","family":"Op \u2018t Roodt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernst","family":"Rietzschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5705-8890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danusa","family":"Dias Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, The Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 6627, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3946-7313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Hermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3765-0341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmy","family":"Tuenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samyah","family":"Shadid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6327-8155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Calders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20080020","article-title":"Epidemiology of diabetes and diabetes-related complications","volume":"88","author":"Deshpande","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. 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