{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:45:23Z","timestamp":1760229923067,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Austrian national grant \u201cNationalbank Jubil\u00e4umsfondsprojekt 15378\u201d"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction of solid foods and iron status in the first year of life of preterm infants are highly discussed topics. The aim of this study was to examine whether two timepoints of introduction of standardized solid foods in preterm infants have an impact on ferritin and other hematologic parameters important for iron status in the first year of life. This is a secondary outcome analysis of a prospective, randomized intervention trial in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants randomized to an early (10\u201312th week corrected age) or a late (16\u201318th week corrected age) complementary feeding group. Iron status was assessed with blood samples taken at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months corrected age. In total, 177 infants were randomized (early group: n = 89, late group: n = 88). Ferritin showed no differences between study groups throughout the first year of life, as did all other parameters associated with iron status. At 12 months corrected age, the incidence of iron deficiency was significantly higher in the early feeding group. There is room for improvement of iron status in VLBW preterm infants, regular blood checks should be introduced, and current recommendations may need to be a reconsidered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14132732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:21:50Z","timestamp":1656634910000},"page":"2732","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Preterm Infants on Early Solid Foods and Iron Status in the First Year of Life\u2014A Secondary Outcome Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4422-8029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita","family":"Thanhaeuser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5012-3082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Eibensteiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margit","family":"Kornsteiner-Krenn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5832-7810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie","family":"Gsoellpointner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Brandstetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renate","family":"Fuiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Koeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Klinik Hietzing, Wiener Gesundheitsverbund, 1130 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1479-2972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Huf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Klinik Hietzing, Wiener Gesundheitsverbund, 1130 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Huber-Dangl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7939-246X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Binder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1051-1141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Thajer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5652-7977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernd","family":"Jilma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelika","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4806-0312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadja","family":"Haiden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreno-Fernandez, J., Ochoa, J.J., Latunde-Dada, G.O., and Diaz-Castro, J. (2019). Iron Deficiency and Iron Homeostasis in Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051090"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1159\/000353161","article-title":"A Review of Cord Blood Concentrations of Iron Status Parameters to Define Reference Ranges for Preterm Infants","volume":"104","author":"Lorenz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2016.255","article-title":"Impact of maternal, antenatal and birth-associated factors on iron stores at birth: Data from a prospective maternal-infant birth cohort","volume":"71","author":"McCarthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2006.may.S34-S43","article-title":"Long-Lasting Neural and Behavioral Effects of Iron Deficiency in Infancy","volume":"64","author":"Lozoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S560","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265070284S409","article-title":"Iron deficiency and child development","volume":"28","author":"Lozoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"German, K.R., and Juul, S.E. (2021). Iron and Neurodevelopment in Preterm Infants: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113737"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1159\/000514738","article-title":"Microminerals: Iron, Zinc, Copper, Selenium, Manganese, Iodine, Chromium and Molybdenum","volume":"122","author":"Domellof","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Rev. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuz051","article-title":"Iron supplementation in preterm and low-birth-weight infants: A systematic review of intervention studies","volume":"77","author":"McCarthy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2475","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of the effects of adding vitamin B12 and folate to erythropoietin for the treatment of anemia of prematurity","volume":"118","author":"Haiden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00112-007-1617-3","article-title":"Erythropoetin in neonatology","volume":"12","author":"Haiden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mon. Kinderheilkd."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1159\/000480741","article-title":"Meeting the Iron Needs of Low and Very Low Birth Weight Infants","volume":"71","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3838","article-title":"Timing of the Introduction of Complementary Foods in Infancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"130","author":"Jonsdottir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haiden, N., Thanhaeuser, M., Eibensteiner, F., Huber-Dangl, M., Gsoellpointner, M., Ristl, R., Kroyer, B., Brandstetter, S., Kornsteiner-Krenn, M., and Binder, C. (2022). Randomized Controlled Trial of Two Timepoints for Introduction of Standardized Complementary Food in Preterm Infants. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030697"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.11.026","article-title":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child, H.; Human Development Neonatal Research, N. Neurodevelopmental and Growth Outcomes of Extremely Preterm Infants with Short Bowel Syndrome","volume":"230","author":"Bell","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1705136","article-title":"Growth from Birth to 30 months for Infants Born with Congenital Gastrointestinal Anomalies and Disorders","volume":"38","author":"Strobel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03477.x","article-title":"Review article: The clinical importance of growth in children with inflammatory bowel disease: Is it important to the gastroenterologist?","volume":"26","author":"Taminiau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2015.08.007","article-title":"Impact of Nutrition on Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","volume":"42","author":"Poindexter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2015.11.009","article-title":"Nutrition in the Cardiac Newborns: Evidence-based Nutrition Guidelines for Cardiac Newborns","volume":"43","author":"Karpen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.95.1.1","article-title":"Recombinant human erythropoietin stimulates erythropoiesis and reduces erythrocyte transfusions in very low birth weight preterm infants","volume":"95","author":"Shannon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1113","article-title":"Effects of a combined therapy of erythropoietin, iron, folate, and vitamin B12 on the transfusion requirements of extremely low birth weight infants","volume":"118","author":"Haiden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.5.878","article-title":"Effects of age of introduction of complementary foods on iron status of breast-fed infants in Honduras","volume":"67","author":"Dewey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e501","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30074-8","article-title":"Complementary feeding at 4 versus 6 months of age for preterm infants born at less than 34 weeks of gestation: A randomised, open-label, multicentre trial","volume":"5","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooke, R.J., and Griffin, I. (2021). Iron Balance and Iron Nutritional Status in Preterm Infants During the First 4 m of Life. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr., Publish Ahead of Print.","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003183"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruangkit, C., Prachakittikul, N., Hemprachitchai, N., Dumrongwongsiri, O., and Soonsawad, S. (2021). Association of Infant Feeding Practices with Iron Status and Hematologic Parameters in 6-Month-Old Infants. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-934107\/v1"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000206","article-title":"Iron requirements of infants and toddlers","volume":"58","author":"Braegger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/13\/2732\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:41:01Z","timestamp":1760139661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/13\/2732"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14132732"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14132732","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]}}}