{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:09:17Z","timestamp":1792789757973,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland through the SFI Centre for Research Training in Genomics Data Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18\/CRT\/6214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/CRT\/6214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland through the SFI Centre for Research Training in Genomics Data Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H2020-MSCA-COFUND-2019-945385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-MSCA-COFUND-2019-945385"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"EU\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie","award":["18\/CRT\/6214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/CRT\/6214"]}]},{"name":"EU\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie","award":["H2020-MSCA-COFUND-2019-945385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020-MSCA-COFUND-2019-945385"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D is essential for good health. Dermal vitamin D production is dependent on environmental factors such as season and latitude, and personal factors such as time spent outdoors and genetics. Varying heritability of vitamin D status by season has been reported, suggesting that gene-environment interactions (GxE) may play a key role. Thus, understanding GxE might significantly improve our understanding of determinants of vitamin D status. The objective of this review was to survey the existing methods in GxE on vitamin D studies and report on GxE effect estimates. We searched the Embase, Medline (Ovid), and Web of Science (Core Collection) databases. We included only primary research that reported on GxE effects on vitamin D status using 25-hydroxyvitamin D as a biomarker. Sun exposure was the only environmental exposure identified in these studies. The quality assessment followed the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale for cohort studies. Seven studies were included in the final narrative synthesis. We evaluate the limitations and findings of the available GxE in vitamin D research and provide recommendations for future GxE research. The systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021238081).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14132735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:21:50Z","timestamp":1656634910000},"page":"2735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Gene-Environment Interactions in Vitamin D Status and Sun Exposure: A Systematic Review with Recommendations for Future Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3351-1179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasha","family":"Shraim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Population Health, Trinity College Dublin, D24 DH74 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"The SFI Centre for Research Training in Genomics Data Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2355-7760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Conor","family":"MacDonnchadha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Population Health, Trinity College Dublin, D24 DH74 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Vrbanic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Population Health, Trinity College Dublin, D24 DH74 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0529-9617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ross","family":"McManus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4089-9703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Zgaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Population Health, Trinity College Dublin, D24 DH74 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g1903","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1903","article-title":"Vitamin D and risk of cause specific death: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohort and randomised intervention studies","volume":"348","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g2035","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g2035","article-title":"Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: Umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised trials","volume":"348","author":"Theodoratou","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3606","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa432","article-title":"Vitamin D Status and Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in a Large Cohort: Results From the UK Biobank","volume":"105","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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