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This study investigated the therapeutic effect of galactose oligosaccharide (GOS), an important prebiotic, on NAFLD through in vivo and in vitro experiments and preliminarily explored the mechanism by which GOS improves liver lipid metabolism and inflammation through liver and intestinal microbiological analysis. The results of mouse liver lipidomics showed that GOS could promote body thermogenesis in mice with high-fat and high-sugar diet (HFHSD)-induced NAFLD, regulate lipolysis in liver fat cells, and accelerate glycine and cholesterol metabolism. GOS dose-dependently reduced the contents of total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) in cells and reduced the accumulation of lipid droplets in cells. GOS also reduced the Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes ratio and altered the composition of the intestinal microbiota in mice fed a HFHSD. GOS can improve liver lipid metabolism and intestinal structure of NAFLD. These results provide a theoretical and experimental basis supporting the use of GOS as a health food with anti-NAFLD functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14132749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T20:59:18Z","timestamp":1656968358000},"page":"2749","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["GOS Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced by High Fat and High Sugar Diet through Lipid Metabolism and Intestinal Microbes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shuting","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jincan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qishi","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Rainhome Pharm & Tech Co., Ltd., Science City, Guangzhou 510663, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6324-6620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengquan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.01.013","article-title":"NAFLD as a driver of chronic kidney disease","volume":"72","author":"Byrne","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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