{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T13:52:28Z","timestamp":1769521948000,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University System of Taipei Joint Research Program","award":["USTP-NTUT-TMU-110-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USTP-NTUT-TMU-110-04"]}]},{"name":"University System of Taipei Joint Research Program","award":["USTP-NTUT-TMU-111-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USTP-NTUT-TMU-111-04"]}]},{"name":"University System of Taipei Joint Research Program","award":["109-wf-eva-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-wf-eva-01"]}]},{"name":"University System of Taipei Joint Research Program","award":["111-wf-eva-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-wf-eva-02"]}]},{"name":"Wan Fang Hospital","award":["USTP-NTUT-TMU-110-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USTP-NTUT-TMU-110-04"]}]},{"name":"Wan Fang Hospital","award":["USTP-NTUT-TMU-111-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USTP-NTUT-TMU-111-04"]}]},{"name":"Wan Fang Hospital","award":["109-wf-eva-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-wf-eva-01"]}]},{"name":"Wan Fang Hospital","award":["111-wf-eva-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-wf-eva-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) virus infection, causing immune dysfunction and chronic hepatitis, is one of the leading risk factors for hepatocellular cancer. We investigated how Arthrospira affected hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) reduction in CHB patients under continued nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA). Sixty CHB patients who had been receiving NA for at least one year with undetectable HBV DNA were randomized into three groups: control and oral Arthrospira at 3 or 6 g daily add-on therapy groups. Patients were followed up for 6 months. Oral Arthrospira-diet mice were established to investigate the possible immunological mechanism of Arthrospira against HBV. Within 6 months, mean quantitative HBsAg (qHBsAg) decreased in the oral Arthrospira add-on therapy group. Interestingly, interferon gamma (IFN-\u03b3) increased but TNF-\u03b1, interleukin 6 (IL-6), hepatic fibrosis, and steatosis decreased in the add-on groups. In mice, Arthrospira enhanced both innate and adaptive immune system, especially natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity, B cell activation, and the interleukin 2 (IL-2), IFN-\u03b3 immune response. Arthrospira may modulate IL-2- and TNF-\u03b1\/IFN-\u03b3-mediated B and T cell activation to reduce HBsAg. Also, Arthrospira has the potential to restore immune tolerance and enhance HBsAg seroclearance in CHB patients through promoting T, B, and NK cell activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T21:15:52Z","timestamp":1657142152000},"page":"2790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Arthrospira Enhances Seroclearance in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Receiving Nucleos(t)ide Analogue through Modulation of TNF-\u03b1\/IFN-\u03b3 Profile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sheng-Jie","family":"Shiue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan"},{"name":"Integrative Therapy Center for Gastroenterologic Cancers, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6906-254X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao-Ling","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han-Shiang","family":"Shiue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Nan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheng-Wei","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taiwan Adventist Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Wei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, YunLin Branch, YunLin 640, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ganbolor","family":"Jargalsaikhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Center, Ulaanbaatar 14230, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tze-Sian","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Yi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming-Shun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan"},{"name":"Integrative Therapy Center for Gastroenterologic Cancers, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.2.50","article-title":"Epidemiology and Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection","volume":"2","author":"Hou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. 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