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and medicine. Meanwhile, the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and autophagy have been reported to play key roles in the progression of liver injury. However, the effects of thymol on the NLRP3 inflammasome and autophagy in protecting the liver remain unclear. The present study used a mouse model with liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of thymol. We found that thymol alleviated LPS-induced liver structural damage, as judged by reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and improved structure. In addition, elevated levels of the liver damage indicators (alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and total bilirubin (TBIL)) dropped after thymol administration. The mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-22), apoptosis-related genes (caspase3 and caspase9), and the activity of apoptosis-related genes (caspase3 and caspase9) were increased in LPS-treated livers, whereas the changes were alleviated after thymol administration. Thymol inhibited LPS-induced increment in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in primary hepatocytes of the mouse. In addition, thymol protected mice from liver injury by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation induced by LPS. Mechanistically, the present study indicates that thymol has liver protective activity resulting from the modulation of the AMP-activated protein kinase\u2014mammalian target of rapamycin (AMPK\u2013mTOR) to regulate the autophagy pathway, hence curbing inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:06:21Z","timestamp":1657497981000},"page":"2809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Thymol Alleviates LPS-Induced Liver Inflammation and Apoptosis by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and the AMPK-mTOR-Autophagy Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiujing","family":"Dou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lujia","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anshan","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-03176-4","article-title":"IL-22 ameliorates LPS-induced acute liver injury by autophagy activation through ATF4-ATG7 signaling","volume":"11","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.12.105","article-title":"Kaempferol protects mice from d-GalN\/LPS-induced acute liver failure by regulating the ER stress-Grp78-CHOP signaling pathway","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. 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