{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T05:46:17Z","timestamp":1784958377773,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland","award":["K\/DSC\/003536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K\/DSC\/003536"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland","award":["K\/ZDS\/006228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K\/ZDS\/006228"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland","award":["06\/IDUB\/2019\/94"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06\/IDUB\/2019\/94"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Research Unit FOR-2558 \u201cTraceAge\u201d Scho 849\/6-2","award":["K\/DSC\/003536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K\/DSC\/003536"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Research Unit FOR-2558 \u201cTraceAge\u201d Scho 849\/6-2","award":["K\/ZDS\/006228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K\/ZDS\/006228"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Research Unit FOR-2558 \u201cTraceAge\u201d Scho 849\/6-2","award":["06\/IDUB\/2019\/94"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06\/IDUB\/2019\/94"]}]},{"name":"Priority Research Area qLife under the program \u201cExcellence Initiative \u2013 Research University\u201d at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow","award":["K\/DSC\/003536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K\/DSC\/003536"]}]},{"name":"Priority Research Area qLife under the program \u201cExcellence Initiative \u2013 Research University\u201d at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow","award":["K\/ZDS\/006228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K\/ZDS\/006228"]}]},{"name":"Priority Research Area qLife under the program \u201cExcellence Initiative \u2013 Research University\u201d at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow","award":["06\/IDUB\/2019\/94"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06\/IDUB\/2019\/94"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The impact of selenium on the course of Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis (HT) was mainly assessed by monitoring the titer of antithyroid autoantibodies in most of the studies conducted hitherto. On the other hand, the imbalance in activity of T cells such as Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg may be relevant in the pathogenesis of this disease. Hence, the assessment of changes in the secretion of cytokines by these cells during selenium supplementation in patients with HT seems to be an important issue and was the main goal of this study. A further aim was to search for correlations among these cytokines, as well as markers of thyroid function, selenium\/iodine status in the body, and other biochemical parameters. The group of 29 women with newly diagnosed Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis was supplemented with selenium in a dose of 100 \u00b5g\/day for 6 months. Immunological parameters: interferon \u03b3, tumor necrosis factor \u03b1, chemokine CXCL10, interleukin 4, interleukin 1\u03b2, interleukin 17, transforming growth factor \u03b2, and C-reactive protein, as well as selenium status parameters were determined in serum twice, i.e., before and after supplementation. Selenium supplementation was associated with a change in the production of two cytokines: interferon \u03b3 and interleukin 1\u03b2, for which a decrease and an increase in concentration were observed, respectively. The partial least squares (PLS) model revealed the presence of many relevant correlations among analyzed parameters. The stage of HT development, degree of thyroid dysfunction, and selenium supplementation of diet are interdependent factors which shape the profile of some cytokines secreted by cells participating in the autoimmunity process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T00:12:40Z","timestamp":1657757560000},"page":"2869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Assessment of the Effect of Selenium Supplementation on Production of Selected Cytokines in Women with Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4819-9085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jadwiga","family":"Kryczyk-Kozio\u0142","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewelina","family":"Prochownik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"B\u0142a\u017cewska-Gruszczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center DIAGNOZA, Zaczarowane Ko\u0142o 5, 30-087 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"S\u0142owiaczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center DIAGNOZA, Zaczarowane Ko\u0142o 5, 30-087 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4458-6555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qian","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9445-1555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lutz","family":"Schomburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Ochab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henryk Niewodnicza\u0144ski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miros\u0142aw","family":"Bartyzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henryk Niewodnicza\u0144ski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5101-036X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Zagrodzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.02.001","article-title":"Updated Assessment of the Prevalence, Spectrum and Case Definition of Autoimmune Disease","volume":"11","author":"Hayter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9703-2","article-title":"The Incidence and Prevalence of Thyroid Autoimmunity","volume":"42","author":"McLeod","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R241","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0047","article-title":"Mechanisms in endocrinology: Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: Old and New Players","volume":"170","author":"Effraimidis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.10.016","article-title":"Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders","volume":"14","author":"Antonelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"72","article-title":"Functional Lymphocyte Subset Assessment of the Th1\/Th2 Profile in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroiditis by Flowcytometric Analysis of Peripheral Lymphocytes","volume":"18","author":"Colin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2008.0423","article-title":"Increases of the Th1\/Th2 Cell Ratio in Severe Hashimoto\u2019s Disease and in the Proportion of Th17 Cells in Intractable Graves\u2019 Disease","volume":"19","author":"Nanba","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5135","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-0434","article-title":"T Helper Type 17 Immune Response Plays an Indispensable Role for Development of Iodine-Induced Autoimmune Thyroiditis in Nonobese Diabetic-H2 h4 Mice","volume":"150","author":"Horie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2010.07.003","article-title":"Interleukin-17-Producing T Helper Cells in Autoimmunity","volume":"9","author":"Hemdan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.02.011","article-title":"Circulating Th17 Cytokine Levels Are Altered in Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis","volume":"80","author":"Kalkanci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI37865","article-title":"Highly Purified Th17 Cells from BDC2.5NOD Mice Convert into Th1-like Cells in NOD\/SCID Recipient Mice","volume":"119","author":"Bending","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2012.751981","article-title":"Lower Proportions of CD4+CD25high and CD4+FoxP3, but Not CD4+CD25+CD127low FoxP3+T Cell Levels in Children with Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases","volume":"46","author":"Bossowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-014-9958-y","article-title":"Effect of Iodine Excess on Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg Cell Subpopulations in the Thyroid of NOD.H-2h4 Mice","volume":"159","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21674","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151221674","article-title":"Th17\/Treg Cells Imbalance and GITRL Profile in Patients with Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.K10E-063","article-title":"Selenium Upregulates CD4 (+) CD25 (+) Regulatory T Cells in Iodine-Induced Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model of NOD.H-2(H4) Mice","volume":"57","author":"Xue","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3542","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-09-181040","article-title":"Naturally Occurring Regulatory T Cells Show Reduced Sensitivity toward Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Death","volume":"113","author":"Mougiakakos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-09-307041","article-title":"Increased Thioredoxin-1 Production in Human Naturally Occurring Regulatory T Cells Confers Enhanced Tolerance to Oxidative Stress","volume":"117","author":"Mougiakakos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"374635","article-title":"Effect of Selenium on HLA-DR Expression of Thyrocytes","volume":"2012","author":"Kaczur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmune Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1351","article-title":"Selenium Supplementation Modulates Apoptotic Processes in Thyroid Follicular Cells","volume":"43","author":"Nettore","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"e14484","article-title":"Positive Effects of Selenium Supplementation in Women with Newly Diagnosed Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis in an Area with Low Selenium Status","volume":"75","author":"Zagrodzki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbl016","article-title":"Partial Least Squares: A Versatile Tool for the Analysis of High-Dimensional Genomic Data","volume":"8","author":"Boulesteix","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1021\/pr060594q","article-title":"Chemometrics in Metabonomics","volume":"6","author":"Trygg","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"93","article-title":"IFN-Gamma, IL-5, IL-6 and IgE in Patients Infected with Giardia Intestinalis","volume":"47","author":"Kemona","year":"2009","journal-title":"Folia Histochem. Cytobiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.2478\/pjph-2014-0009","article-title":"Influence of Prednisone on Serum Level of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, Interferon Gamma and Interleukin-1 Beta, in Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis","volume":"124","author":"Pietrzak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pol. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20060128","article-title":"Inflammatory Cytokines, Behaviour and Age as Determinants of Self-Rated Health in Women","volume":"112","author":"Elofsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0102-5","article-title":"Upregulation of Angiostatic Chemokines IP-10\/CXCL10 and I-TAC\/CXCL11 in Human Obesity and Their Implication for Adipose Tissue Angiogenesis","volume":"42","author":"Hueso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.06.048","article-title":"CXCL10 and CXCL13 Chemokines in Patients with Relapsing Remitting and Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"380","author":"Iwanowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zajkowska, A., Garkowski, A., \u015awierzbi\u0144ska, R., Ku\u0142akowska, A., Kr\u00f3l, M.E., Ptaszy\u0144ska-Sarosiek, I., Nowicka-Cie\u0142uszecka, A., Pancewicz, S., Czupryna, P., and Moniuszko, A. (2016). Evaluation of Chosen Cytokine Levels among Patients with Herpes Zoster as Ability to Provide Immune Response. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150301"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2014.914175","article-title":"The Clinical Role of Serum Concentrations of Selected Cytokines: IL-1 \u03b2, TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 in Diagnosis of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease (AITD) in Children","volume":"47","author":"Mikos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1159\/000078438","article-title":"Th1 and Th2 Serum Cytokine Profiles Characterize Patients with Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis (Th1) and Graves\u2019 Disease (Th2)","volume":"11","author":"Phenekos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.a2016.0033","article-title":"The role of circulating sTWEAK in the pathogenesis of Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis\u2014A pilot study","volume":"67","author":"Altay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0569-y","article-title":"The Possible Role of CD4+CD25highFoxp3+\/CD4+IL-17A+ Cell Imbalance in the Autoimmunity of Patients with Hashimoto Thyroiditis","volume":"50","author":"Xue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"150","article-title":"Serum IL-17 Level Predicts Inflammatory Activity in Patients with Autoimmune Hepatitis","volume":"128","author":"Gutkowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1089\/105072503322239989","article-title":"The Prevalence of Elevated Serum C-Reactive Protein Levels in Inflammatory and Noninflammatory Thyroid Disease","volume":"13","author":"Pearce","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04253.x","article-title":"Regulation of Apoptosis in Endocrine Autoimmunity: Insights from Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis and Graves\u2019 Disease","volume":"966","author":"Salmaso","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"224","article-title":"Analysis of the Expression of Fas, FasL and Bcl-2 in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4844","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0126","article-title":"Microarray Analysis of Cytokine Activation of Apoptosis Pathways in the Thyroid","volume":"148","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3469","article-title":"The Expression of Dual Oxidase, Thyroid Peroxidase, and Caveolin-1 Differs According to the Type of Immune Response (TH1\/TH2) Involved in Thyroid Autoimmune Disorders","volume":"99","author":"Marique","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2007.0127","article-title":"No Immunological Benefit of Selenium in Consecutive Patients with Autoimmune Thyroiditis","volume":"18","author":"Karanikas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2986","article-title":"The Effect of Levothyroxine and Selenomethionine on Lymphocyte and Monocyte Cytokine Release in Women with Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis","volume":"96","author":"Krysiak","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1159\/000439589","article-title":"IFN\u03b3-Inducible Chemokines Decrease upon Selenomethionine Supplementation in Women with Euthyroid Autoimmune Thyroiditis: Comparison between Two Doses of Selenomethionine (80 or 160 \u039cg) versus Placebo","volume":"4","author":"Pilli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Thyroid J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.10.010","article-title":"Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) Ligand (CXCL)10 in Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"13","author":"Antonelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Go\u0142\u0105b, J., Jak\u00f3bisiak, M., Lasek, W., and Stok\u0142osa, T. (2017). Immunologia, PWN. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-016-0535-4","article-title":"Influence of Short-Term Selenium Supplementation on the Natural Course of Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis: Clinical Results of a Blinded Placebo-Controlled Randomized Prospective Trial","volume":"40","author":"Esposito","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2007.099739","article-title":"The -590CC Genotype in the IL4 Gene as a Strong Predictive Factor for the Development of Hypothyroidism in Hashimoto Disease","volume":"54","author":"Nanba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.01.038","article-title":"History of Interleukin-4","volume":"75","author":"Paul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1684\/ecn.2009.0147","article-title":"Down-Regulation of the Auto-Aggressive Processes in Patients with Hypothyroid Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis Following Substitutive Treatment with L-Thyroxine","volume":"20","author":"Guclu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Cytokine Netw."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2013.10.001","article-title":"Th17 Cell Plays a Role in the Pathogenesis of Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis in Patients","volume":"149","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2012.05.016","article-title":"IL-1\u03b2 and TSH Disturb Thyroid Epithelium Integrity in Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases","volume":"218","author":"Rebuffat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1376967","article-title":"Interleukin 1 Beta (IL1beta) Gene Polymorphisms (SNP-511 and SNP + 3953) in Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis among the Polish Population","volume":"122","author":"Lacka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3109\/07435800.2015.1124439","article-title":"Elevated Interleukin-1\u03b2 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases, Especially of Hashimoto Thyroiditis","volume":"41","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V87.6.2095.bloodjournal8762095","article-title":"Biologic Basis for Interleukin-1 in Disease","volume":"87","author":"Dinarello","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1496","article-title":"Interleukins 1\u03b2 and 6 but Not Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b2 Are Essential for the Differentiation of Interleukin 17\u2013Producing Human T Helper Cells","volume":"8","author":"Napolitani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030697","article-title":"Interleukin-1\u03b2 and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-\u03b1 Sensitize Human Thyroid Epithelial Cells to TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand-Induced Apoptosis through Increases in Procaspase-7 and Bid, and the Down-Regulation of P44\/42 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activity","volume":"89","author":"Mezosi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.10.042","article-title":"Increased Interleukin (IL)-17 Serum Levels in Patients with Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Implications for Treatment with Anti-IL-17 Agents","volume":"76","author":"Matusiak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2007). Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Monitoring Their Elimination: A Guide for Programme Managers, World Health Organization. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"323","article-title":"The effectiveness of iodine prophylaxis in Krakow on the example of three age groups of women-a pilot study. Part. I. Urine iodine concentration","volume":"41","author":"Zagrodzki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"362","article-title":"CD4+CD25+ T Regulatory Cells: Their Physiology and Role in Modulating Immune Response","volume":"59","author":"Lewkowicz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3639","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2337","article-title":"Regulatory T Cells in Human Autoimmune Thyroid Disease","volume":"91","author":"Marazuela","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2012.0514","article-title":"Impairment of Regulatory T-Cell Function in Autoimmune Thyroid Disease","volume":"23","author":"Glick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2005.03.006","article-title":"Transforming Growth Factor \u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2) and Autoimmunity","volume":"4","author":"Aoki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-008-9251-y","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 and Regulatory T Cell in Immunity and Autoimmunity","volume":"28","author":"Wan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchiori, R.C., Pereira, L.A.F., Naujorks, A.A., Rovaris, D.L., Meinerz, D.F., Duarte, M.M.M.F., and Rocha, J.B.T. (2015). Improvement of Blood Inflammatory Marker Levels in Patients with Hypothyroidism under Levothyroxine Treatment. BMC Endocr. Disord., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-015-0032-3"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2008.09.007","article-title":"Acute-Phase Reactans in Hashimoto Thyroiditis","volume":"8","author":"Erden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-7-200910060-00009","article-title":"C-Reactive Protein as a Risk Factor for Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force","volume":"151","author":"Buckley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.16089","article-title":"Correlations between the Level of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Korean Adults with Cardiovascular Disease or Diabetes Mellitus: The CALLISTO Study","volume":"20","author":"Seo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2012.08.008","article-title":"Linkage between C-Reactive Protein and Triglyceride-Rich Lipoprotein Metabolism","volume":"62","author":"Thongtang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2013.0314","article-title":"Triiodothyronine and Free Thyroxine Levels Are Differentially Associated with Metabolic Profile and Adiposity-Related Cardiovascular Risk Markers in Euthyroid Middle-Aged Subjects","volume":"24","author":"Roef","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.320","article-title":"Weight Loss Through Gastric Banding: Effects on TSH and Thyroid Hormones in Obese Subjects With Normal Thyroid Function","volume":"18","author":"Paganelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0026","article-title":"High-Fat Diet Increases Thyrotropin and Oxygen Consumption without Altering Circulating 3,5,3\u2032-Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine in Rats: The Role of Iodothyronine Deiodinases, Reverse T3 Production, and Whole-Body Fat Oxidation","volume":"151","author":"Araujo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolffenbuttel, B.H.R., Wouters, H.J.C.M., Slagter, S.N., van Waateringe, R.P., Muller Kobold, A.C., van Vliet-Ostaptchouk, J.V., Links, T.P., and van der Klauw, M.M. (2017). Thyroid Function and Metabolic Syndrome in the Population-Based LifeLines Cohort Study. BMC Endocr. Disord., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-017-0215-1"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"232","article-title":"Role of the Iodothyronine Deiodinases in the Physiology and Pathophysiology of Thyroid Hormone Action","volume":"1","author":"Larsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Thyroid J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4019","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2225","article-title":"Small Differences in Thyroid Function May Be Important for Body Mass Index and the Occurrence of Obesity in the Population","volume":"90","author":"Knudsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02247.x","article-title":"Relationship of Thyroid Function with Body Mass Index, Leptin, Insulin Sensitivity and Adiponectin in Euthyroid Obese Women","volume":"62","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803112","article-title":"Serum TSH Is Positively Associated with BMI","volume":"30","author":"Nyrnes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitahara, C.M., Platz, E.A., Ladenson, P.W., Mondul, A.M., Menke, A., and Berrington de Gonz\u00e1lez, A. (2012). Body Fatness and Markers of Thyroid Function among U.S. Men and Women. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034979"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2014.11.009","article-title":"Increased TSH in Obesity: Evidence for a BMI-Independent Association with Leptin","volume":"41","author":"Bernard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.3661","article-title":"Serum Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Levels and Body Mass Index Percentiles in Children with Primary Hypothyroidism on Levothyroxine Replacement","volume":"9","author":"Shaoba","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"394","article-title":"Associations between metabolic syndrome, serum thyrotropin, and thyroid antibodies status in postmenopausal women, and the role of interleukin-6","volume":"66","author":"Wojciechowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s10863-011-9327-x","article-title":"Bioenergetic Impact of Tissue-Specific Regulation of Iodothyronine Deiodinases during Nutritional Imbalance","volume":"43","author":"Araujo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bioenerg. Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.140","article-title":"Expression of Thyrotropin and Thyroid Hormone Receptors in Adipose Tissue of Patients with Morbid Obesity and\/or Type 2 Diabetes: Effects of Weight Loss","volume":"33","author":"Nannipieri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02333","article-title":"The Association between TSH within the Reference Range and Serum Lipid Concentrations in a Population-Based Study. The HUNT Study","volume":"156","author":"Asvold","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1718","article-title":"Thyroid Function Is Associated with Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in Euthyroid Subjects","volume":"92","author":"Roos","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2008.23.2.53","article-title":"Free T4 Is Negatively Correlated with Body Mass Index in Euthyroid Women","volume":"23","author":"Shon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.031","article-title":"Global Analyses of Human Immune Variation Reveal Baseline Predictors of Postvaccination Responses","volume":"157","author":"Tsang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3371","article-title":"The Cellular Composition of the Human Immune System Is Shaped by Age and Cohabitation","volume":"17","author":"Carr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/14\/2869\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:49:35Z","timestamp":1760140175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/14\/2869"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14142869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14142869","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]]}}}