{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:09:18Z","timestamp":1788480558568,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]],"date-time":"2022-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The observation of correlations between obesity and chronic metabolic and cardiovascular diseases has led to the emergence of strong interests in \u201cadipocyte biology\u201d, in particular in relation to a specific visceral adipose tissue that is the epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and its pro-inflammatory role. In recent years, different imaging techniques frequently used in daily clinical practice have tried to obtain an EAT quantification. We provide a useful update on comorbidities related to chronic inflammation typical of cardiac adiposity, analyzing how the EAT assessment could impact and provide data on the patient prognosis. We assessed for eligibility 50 papers, with a total of 10,458 patients focusing the review on the evaluation of EAT in two main contexts: cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Given its peculiar properties and rapid responsiveness, EAT could act as a marker to investigate the basal risk factor and follow-up conditions. In the future, EAT could represent a therapeutic target for new medications. The assessment of EAT should become part of clinical practice to help clinicians to identify patients at greater risk of developing cardiovascular and\/or metabolic diseases and to provide information on their clinical and therapeutic outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T01:53:22Z","timestamp":1658109202000},"page":"2926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Epicardial Adipose Tissue: A Novel Potential Imaging Marker of Comorbidities Caused by Chronic Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Tarsitano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Grecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Pandozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Muscogiuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Sironi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, 24127 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Pujia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Grecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Lenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Giannetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2391","article-title":"Adipocyte dysfunctions linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Guilherme","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.11.002","article-title":"New Advances in Adaptive Thermogenesis: UCP1 and Beyond","volume":"29","author":"Chouchani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01607","article-title":"Chronic Adipose Tissue Inflammation Linking Obesity to Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Zatterale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI57132","article-title":"Inflammatory links between obesity and metabolic disease","volume":"121","author":"Lumeng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2021.02.008","article-title":"Epicardial fat and coronary artery disease: Role of cardiac imaging","volume":"321","author":"Guglielmo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602088","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.602088","article-title":"Adipose Tissue Immunomodulation: A Novel Therapeutic Approach in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases","volume":"7","author":"Alzaim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.10.009","article-title":"Diabetic Cardiomiopathy Progression is Triggered by miR122-5p and Involves Extracellular Matrix: A 5-Year Prospective Study","volume":"14","author":"Pofi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.063412","article-title":"Chronic Inhibition of cGMP phosphodiesterase 5A improves diabetic cardiomyopathy: A randomized, controlled clinical trial using magnetic resonance imaging with myocardial tagging","volume":"125","author":"Giannetta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001133","article-title":"Interactions between vascular wall and perivascular adipose tissue reveal novel roles for adiponectin in the regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase function in human vessels","volume":"127","author":"Margaritis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuvaraj, J., Cheng, K., Lin, A., Psaltis, P.J., Nicholls, S.J., and Wong, D.T.L. (2021). The Emerging Role of CT-Based Imaging in Adipose Tissue and Coronary Inflammation. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051196"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2217\/clp.10.89","article-title":"Perivascular adipose tissue and vascular disease","volume":"6","author":"Britton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.09.089","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"278","author":"Ansaldo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2147\/ITT.S73223","article-title":"The role of adipokines in chronic inflammation","volume":"5","author":"Mancuso","year":"2016","journal-title":"ImmunoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-17-0458","article-title":"Role of Adipokines in Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"81","author":"Lau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0973-3","article-title":"Plasma omentin levels are inversely associated with atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes patients with increased plasma adiponectin levels: A cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Nishimura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-10-87","article-title":"Association of chemerin mRNA expression in human epicardial adipose tissue with coronary atherosclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02464-z","article-title":"Fat mass affects nutritional status of ICU COVID-19 patients","volume":"18","author":"Tarsitano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.05.025","article-title":"Mechanism of inflammatory response in associated comorbidities in COVID-19","volume":"14","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falcone, C., Caracciolo, M., Correale, P., Macheda, S., Vadala, E.G., La Scala, S., Tescione, M., Danieli, R., Ferrarelli, A., and Tarsitano, M.G. (2020). Can Adenosine Fight COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202007.0426.v1"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.REV119.007363","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges in the therapeutic activation of human energy expenditure and thermogenesis to manage obesity","volume":"295","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20190227","article-title":"Targeting perivascular and epicardial adipose tissue inflammation: Therapeutic opportunities for cardiovascular disease","volume":"134","author":"Rafeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00185","article-title":"Combating Obesity With Thermogenic Fat: Current Challenges and Advancements","volume":"11","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1503-x","article-title":"BCAA catabolism in brown fat controls energy homeostasis through SLC25A44","volume":"572","author":"YYoneshiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"416","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue: Far more than a fat depot","volume":"4","author":"Talman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E937","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00061.2012","article-title":"Cellular cross-talk between epicardial adipose tissue and myocardium in relation to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease","volume":"303","author":"Cherian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2021.109902","article-title":"CT-derived epicardial adipose tissue density: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"143","author":"Monti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"612","article-title":"Multisociety Consensus Quality Improvement Revised Consensus Statement for Endovascular Therapy of Acute Ischemic Stroke","volume":"13","author":"Sacks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2015.39.5.405","article-title":"Increased Epicardial Adipose Tissue Thickness in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity","volume":"39","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.593","article-title":"Variation in IGF2BP2 interacts with adiposity to alter insulin sensitivity in Mexican Americans","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20100329","article-title":"Lower physical activity is associated with higher intermuscular adipose tissue in people with type 2 diabetes and peripheral neuropathy","volume":"91","author":"Tuttle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1062724","article-title":"The double role of epicardial adipose tissue as pro- and anti-inflammatory organ","volume":"40","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0807-3","article-title":"Epicardial fat tissue in patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190770","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20190770","article-title":"Novel imaging biomarkers: Epicardial adipose tissue evaluation","volume":"93","author":"Monti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-14-1154","article-title":"Echocardiographic epicardial fat thickness is associated with coronary artery calcification\u2014Results from the CAESAR study","volume":"79","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2003.45","article-title":"Epicardial fat from echocardiography: A new method for visceral adipose tissue prediction","volume":"11","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-016-0802-5","article-title":"Measurement of epicardial fat thickness by transthoracic echocardiography for predicting high-risk coronary artery plaques","volume":"31","author":"Tachibana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Vessels"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.6","article-title":"Threshold values of high-risk echocardiographic epicardial fat thickness","volume":"16","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2017.07.008","article-title":"Early myocardial gadolinium enhancement in patients with myocarditis: Validation of \u201cLake Louise consensus\u201d criteria using a single bolus of 0.1mmol\/Kg of a high relaxivity gadolinium-based contrast agent","volume":"95","author":"Galea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz425","article-title":"2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes: The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"41","author":"Knuuti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2020.107314","article-title":"Fatal Takotsubo syndrome in critical COVID-19 related pneumonia","volume":"51","author":"Titi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009829","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.119.009829","article-title":"Deep Learning-Based Quantification of Epicardial Adipose Tissue Volume and Attenuation Predicts Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Asymptomatic Subjects","volume":"13","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3638","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06079-x","article-title":"Epicardial fat volume measured on nongated chest CT is a predictor of coronary artery disease","volume":"29","author":"Nagayama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150773","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20150773","article-title":"Quantification of epicardial adipose tissue in coronary calcium score and CT coronary angiography image data sets: Comparison of attenuation values, thickness and volumes","volume":"89","author":"Toia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3372","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-3765-5","article-title":"Prognostic value of epicardial fat volume measurements by computed tomography: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"25","author":"Spearman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013104","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013104","article-title":"Statins Reduce Epicardial Adipose Tissue Attenuation Independent of Lipid Lowering: A Potential Pleiotropic Effect","volume":"8","author":"Raggi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaal2658","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal2658","article-title":"Detecting human coronary inflammation by imaging perivascular fat","volume":"9","author":"Antonopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867324666161118121647","article-title":"The Woman\u2019s Heart: Insights into New Potential Targeted Therapy","volume":"24","author":"Gianfrilli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvx066","article-title":"Sex in basic research: Concepts in the cardiovascular field","volume":"113","author":"Dworatzek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.300829","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue volume and adipocytokine imbalance are strongly linked to human coronary atherosclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Shimabukuro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.106.131755","article-title":"Adipose tissue and atherosclerosis: Exploring the connection","volume":"27","author":"Fantuzzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483982","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/483982","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue reflects the presence of coronary artery disease: Comparison with abdominal visceral adipose tissue","volume":"2015","author":"Oikawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz321","article-title":"Machine learning to predict the long-term risk of myocardial infarction and cardiac death based on clinical risk, coronary calcium, and epicardial adipose tissue: A prospective study","volume":"116","author":"Commandeur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63135-z","article-title":"The Natural history of Epicardial Adipose Tissue Volume and Attenuation: A long-term prospective cohort follow-up study","volume":"10","author":"Nerlekar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.112.976316","article-title":"Does quantifying epicardial and intrathoracic fat with noncontrast computed tomography improve risk stratification beyond calcium scoring alone?","volume":"6","author":"Forouzandeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2019.12.033","article-title":"Effect of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, VIA-2291 (Atreleuton), on epicardial fat volume in patients with recent acute coronary syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Almeida","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Comput. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2015.07.067","article-title":"Effects of Atorvastatin (80 mg) Therapy on Quantity of Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Patients Undergoing Pulmonary Vein Isolation for Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"116","author":"Soucek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030501","article-title":"Effect of Distinct Lifestyle Interventions on Mobilization of Fat Storage Pools: CENTRAL Magnetic Resonance Imaging Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"137","author":"Gepner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1097\/MCA.0000000000000587","article-title":"Randomized trial evaluating the effect of aged garlic extract with supplements versus placebo on adipose tissue surrogates for coronary atherosclerosis progression","volume":"29","author":"Zeb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Coron. Artery Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.01.182","article-title":"Aged garlic extract with supplement is associated with increase in brown adipose, decrease in white adipose tissue and predict lack of progression in coronary atherosclerosis","volume":"168","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-17-1289","article-title":"Local Thickness of Epicardial Adipose Tissue Surrounding the Left Anterior Descending Artery Is a Simple Predictor of Coronary Artery Disease- New Prediction Model in Combination With Framingham Risk Score","volume":"82","author":"Maimaituxun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.05.033","article-title":"Epicardial and paracardial adipose tissue volume and attenuation\u2014Association with high-risk coronary plaque on computed tomographic angiography in the ROMICAT II trial","volume":"251","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-14-1169","article-title":"Association of epicardial and abdominal visceral adipose tissue with coronary atherosclerosis in patients with a coronary artery calcium score of zero","volume":"79","author":"Tsushima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.03.201","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue has an increased thickness and is a source of inflammatory mediators in patients with calcific aortic stenosis","volume":"186","author":"Parisi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-16-0047","article-title":"Pericardial Fat Is Associated With the Risk of Ventricular Arrhythmia in Asian Patients","volume":"80","author":"Tam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.13193","article-title":"The Impact of Echocardiographic Epicardial Fat Thickness on Outcomes of Cryoballoon-Based Atrial Fibrillation Ablation","volume":"33","author":"Canpolat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-16-0213","article-title":"Increased Coronary Perivascular Adipose Tissue Volume in Patients With Vasospastic Angina","volume":"80","author":"Ohyama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e017187","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017187","article-title":"Rationale and design of a multicentre, prospective, randomised, controlled clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of the adipose graft transposition procedure in patients with a myocardial scar: The AGTP II trial","volume":"7","author":"Gastelurrutia","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-017-0658-8","article-title":"The effect of dapagliflozin treatment on epicardial adipose tissue volume","volume":"17","author":"Sato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21718","article-title":"Liraglutide causes large and rapid epicardial fat reduction","volume":"25","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2019.2074","article-title":"Effect of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise on Cardiac Adipose Tissues: Secondary Analyses From a Randomized Clinical Trial: Secondary Analyses From a Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"4","author":"Christensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-3852-9","article-title":"Effects of resistance training on MRI-derived epicardial fat volume and arterial stiffness in women with obesity: A randomized pilot study","volume":"118","author":"Gonzales","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"2193","article-title":"A Short-Term Circuit Resistance Programme Reduced Epicardial Fat in Obese Aged Women","volume":"32","author":"Rosety","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.251","article-title":"Substantial changes in epicardial fat thickness after weight loss in severely obese subjects","volume":"16","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.05.006","article-title":"Effects of lifestyle intervention on left ventricular regional myocardial function in metabolic syndrome patients from the RESOLVE randomized trial","volume":"65","author":"Crendal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2018.0128","article-title":"Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Epicardial Fat Thickness and Endothelial Function in Hypertensive Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Jo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metab. Syndr. Relat Disord"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"609","article-title":"A home-based treadmill training reduced epicardial and abdominal fat in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome","volume":"30","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.08.021","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue volume as a marker of coronary artery disease severity in patients with diabetes independent of coronary artery calcium: Findings from the CTRAD study","volume":"106","author":"Mohar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2014.05.057","article-title":"Comparison of epicardial adipose tissue volume and coronary artery disease severity in asymptomatic adults with versus without diabetes mellitus","volume":"114","author":"Groves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01228-3","article-title":"A prospective randomized study comparing effects of empagliflozin to sitagliptin on cardiac fat accumulation, cardiac function, and cardiac metabolism in patients with early-stage type 2 diabetes: The ASSET study","volume":"20","author":"Hiruma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.005","article-title":"Effect of caloric restriction with or without physical activity on body composition and epicardial fat in type 2 diabetic patients: A pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Elisha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.390","article-title":"Long-term beneficial effect of a 16-week very low calorie diet on pericardial fat in obese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"20","author":"Snel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-017-0516-8","article-title":"Luseogliflozin reduces epicardial fat accumulation in patients with type 2 diabetes: A pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Bouchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22798","article-title":"Effects of Dapagliflozin on Epicardial Fat Thickness in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity","volume":"28","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12680","article-title":"Exenatide decreases liver fat content and epicardial adipose tissue in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes: A prospective randomized clinical trial using magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy","volume":"18","author":"Dutour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-014-0710-z","article-title":"Short-term effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists on fat distribution in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: An ultrasonography study","volume":"52","author":"Morano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"42","article-title":"Body Composition and Epicardial Fat in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Following Insulin Detemir Versus Insulin Glargine Initiation","volume":"48","author":"Elisha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murai, T., Takebe, N., Nagasawa, K., Todate, Y., Nakagawa, R., Nakano, R., Hangai, M., Hasegawa, Y., Takahashi, Y., and Yoshioka, K. (2017). Association of epicardial adipose tissue with serum level of cystatin C in type 2 diabetes. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184723"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2017.0031","article-title":"Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 and Pericardial Fat in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"15","author":"Bayomy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-15-0477","article-title":"Epicardial Adipose Tissue Accumulation Is Associated With Renal Dysfunction and Coronary Plaque Morphology on Multidetector Computed Tomography","volume":"80","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yazbek, D.C., Carvalho, A.B., Barros, C.S., Medina Pestana, J.O., Rochitte, C.E., Dos Santos Filho, R.D., and Canziani, M.E.F. (2018). Is there relationship between epicardial fat and cardiovascular parameters in incident kidney transplant patients? A post-hoc analysis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191009"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.12498","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue thickness in hemodialysis patients","volume":"31","author":"Altun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-016-0310-9","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue volume increase in hemodialysis patients treated with sevelamer or calcium-based phosphate binders: A substudy of the Renagel in new dialysis trial","volume":"29","author":"Ko","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-016-0975-z","article-title":"Epicardial fat thickness regression with continuous positive airway pressure therapy in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: Assessment by two-dimensional echocardiography","volume":"128","author":"Cetin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012763","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.012763","article-title":"Effects of Hormone Therapy on Heart Fat and Coronary Artery Calcification Progression: Secondary Analysis From the KEEPS Trial","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.12.015","article-title":"Effects of additional exercise training on epicardial, intra-abdominal and subcutaneous adipose tissue in major depressive disorder: A randomized pilot study","volume":"192","author":"Kahl","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2015.04.003","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on hepatic fat and associated cardiovascular risk factors in overweight children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"25","author":"Pacifico","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1159\/000503287","article-title":"Epicardial Fat Thickness in Children with Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Its Relationship to Subclinical Atherosclerosis: A Pilot Study","volume":"92","author":"Farghaly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000452445","article-title":"The Association between Premature Adrenarche and Cardiovascular Risk May Be Greater than Expected","volume":"87","author":"Celik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2017.07.019","article-title":"Effect of Pericardial Fat Volume and Density on Markers of Insulin Resistance and Inflammation in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection","volume":"120","author":"Longenecker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0b013e3181fc2150","article-title":"Differential computed tomographic attenuation of metabolically active and inactive adipose tissues: Preliminary findings","volume":"35","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.109.068775","article-title":"CT Hounsfield units of brown adipose tissue increase with activation: Preclinical and clinical studies","volume":"51","author":"Baba","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2009.06.018","article-title":"Aged garlic extract supplemented with B vitamins, folic acid and L-arginine retards the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"49","author":"Budoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.3.741S","article-title":"Aged garlic extract retards progression of coronary artery calcification","volume":"136","author":"Budoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/64.6.866","article-title":"A double-blind crossover study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men that compared the effect of aged garlic extract and placebo administration on blood lipids","volume":"64","author":"Steiner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.11.2662","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with aged garlic extract inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation in humans","volume":"130","author":"Rahman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.02.029","article-title":"Association of pericardial fat and coronary high-risk lesions as determined by cardiac CT","volume":"222","author":"Schlett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.01.027","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of quantity and distribution of epicardial adipose tissue surrounding the left atrium in patients with atrial fibrillation and effect of recurrence after ablation","volume":"107","author":"Tsao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-11-0554","article-title":"Association between epicardial adipose tissue volumes on 3-dimensional reconstructed CT images and recurrence of atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation","volume":"75","author":"Nagashima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5163","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030698","article-title":"Echocardiographic epicardial adipose tissue is related to anthropometric and clinical parameters of metabolic syndrome: A new indicator of cardiovascular risk","volume":"88","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720","article-title":"Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"373","author":"Zinman","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603827","article-title":"Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"375","author":"Marso","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4072","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1070","article-title":"Study of the potential association of adipose tissue GLP-1 receptor with obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"152","author":"Vendrell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2013.1350","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 regulates adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3346","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0302","article-title":"GLP-1 agonism stimulates brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and browning through hypothalamic AMPK","volume":"63","author":"Beiroa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-017-0275-4","article-title":"Canagliflozin reduces epicardial fat in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"9","author":"Yagi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0710-y","article-title":"Effect of sitagliptin on epicardial fat thickness in subjects with type 2 diabetes and obesity: A pilot study","volume":"51","author":"Paoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.21665","article-title":"Clinical utility of serum cystatin C in predicting coronary artery disease in patients without chronic kidney disease","volume":"28","author":"Dandana","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2007.09.022","article-title":"Cystatin C is associated with an increased coronary atherosclerotic burden and a stable plaque phenotype in patients with ischemic heart disease and normal glomerular filtration rate","volume":"198","author":"Niccoli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2012.02.012","article-title":"Cystatin C as a predictor of all-cause mortality and myocardial infarction in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Ristiniemi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0638","article-title":"PAI-1 and diabetes: A journey from the bench to the bedside","volume":"35","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0796-800","article-title":"Enhanced expression of PAI-1 in visceral fat: Possible contributor to vascular disease in obesity","volume":"2","author":"Shimomura","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1336","article-title":"Comparison of the release of adipokines by adipose tissue, adipose tissue matrix, and adipocytes from visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissues of obese humans","volume":"145","author":"Fain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2007.09.001","article-title":"Epicardial fat thickness: Relationship with plasma visfatin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels in visceral obesity","volume":"18","author":"Malavazos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft264","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue predicts mortality in incident hemodialysis patients: A substudy of the Renagel in New Dialysis trial","volume":"28","author":"Bellasi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12344","article-title":"Epicardial fat accumulation, cardiometabolic profile and cardiovascular events in patients with stages 3-5 chronic kidney disease","volume":"278","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.06.011","article-title":"Association of epicardial fat thickness with the severity of obstructive sleep apnea in obese patients","volume":"167","author":"Mariani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lubrano, C., Saponara, M., Barbaro, G., Specchia, P., Addessi, E., Costantini, D., Tenuta, M., Di Lorenzo, G., Genovesi, G., and Donini, L.M. (2012). Relationships between body fat distribution, epicardial fat and obstructive sleep apnea in obese patients with and without metabolic syndrome. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047059"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.1210\/JC.2015-2110","article-title":"Cardiovascular Fat, Menopause, and Sex Hormones in Women: The SWAN Cardiovascular Fat Ancillary Study","volume":"100","author":"Shields","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/14\/2926\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:52:22Z","timestamp":1760140342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/14\/2926"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14142926"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14142926","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]]}}}