{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:53:22Z","timestamp":1792522402682,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS)","award":["2020-I2M-C&T-B-050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-I2M-C&T-B-050"]}]},{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS)","award":["2011BAI11B02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011BAI11B02"]}]},{"name":"Twelfth Five-Year Planning Project of the Scientific and Technological Department of China","award":["2020-I2M-C&T-B-050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-I2M-C&T-B-050"]}]},{"name":"Twelfth Five-Year Planning Project of the Scientific and Technological Department of China","award":["2011BAI11B02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011BAI11B02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: A growing number of cohort studies revealed an inverse association between cheese intake and cardiovascular diseases, yet the causal relationship is unclear. Objective: To assess the causal relationship between cheese intake, and cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular biomarkers. Methods: A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis based on publicly available genome-wide association studies was employed to infer the causal relationship. The effect estimates were calculated using the random-effects inverse-variance-weighted method. Results: Cheese intake per standard deviation increase causally reduced the risks of type 2 diabetes (odds ratio (OR) = 0.46; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.34\u20130.63; p = 1.02 \u00d7 10\u22126), heart failure (OR = 0.62; 95% CI, 0.49\u20130.79; p = 0.0001), coronary heart disease (OR = 0.65; 95% CI, 0.53\u20130.79; p = 2.01 \u00d7 10\u22125), hypertension (OR = 0.67; 95% CI, 0.53\u20130.84; p = 0.001), and ischemic stroke (OR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63\u20130.91; p = 0.003). Suggestive evidence of an inverse association between cheese intake and peripheral artery disease was also observed. No associations were observed for atrial fibrillation, cardiac death, pulmonary embolism, or transient ischemic attack. The better prognosis associated with cheese intake may be explained by lower body mass index (BMI; effect estimate = \u22120.58; 95% CI, from \u22120.88 to \u22120.27; p = 0.0002), waist circumference (effect estimate = \u22120.49; 95% CI, from \u22120.76 to \u22120.23; p = 0.0003), triglycerides (effect estimate = \u22120.33; 95% CI, from \u22120.50 to \u22120.17; p = 4.91 \u00d7 10\u22125), and fasting glucose (effect estimate = \u22120.20; 95% CI, from \u22120.33 to \u22120.07; p = 0.0003). There was suggestive evidence of a positive association between cheese intake and high-density lipoprotein. No influences were observed for blood pressure or inflammation biomarkers. Conclusions: This two-sample MR analysis found causally inverse associations between cheese intake and type 2 diabetes, heart failure, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and ischemic stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T11:32:23Z","timestamp":1658143943000},"page":"2936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Effect of Cheese Intake on Cardiovascular Diseases and Cardiovascular Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Meng-Jin","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang-Shan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Jin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Gang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1309-2667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue-Jin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mol.0000199813.08602.58","article-title":"Dairy products and cardiovascular disease","volume":"17","author":"Tholstrup","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. 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