{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T10:55:59Z","timestamp":1791975359819,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":266,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbohydrates are important macronutrients in human and rodent diet patterns that play a key role in crucial metabolic pathways and provide the necessary energy for proper body functioning. Sugar homeostasis and intake require complex hormonal and nervous control to proper body energy balance. Added sugar in processed food results in metabolic, cardiovascular, and nervous disorders. Epidemiological reports have shown enhanced consumption of sweet products in children and adults, especially in reproductive age and in pregnant women, which can lead to the susceptibility of offspring\u2019s health to diseases in early life or in adulthood and proneness to mental disorders. In this review, we discuss the impacts of high-sugar diet (HSD) or sugar intake during the perinatal and\/or postnatal periods on neural and behavioural disturbances as well as on the development of substance use disorder (SUD). Since several emotional behavioural disturbances are recognized as predictors of SUD, we also present how HSD enhances impulsive behaviour, stress, anxiety and depression. Apart from the influence of HSD on these mood disturbances, added sugar can render food addiction. Both food and addictive substances change the sensitivity of the brain rewarding neurotransmission signalling. The results of the collected studies could be important in assessing sugar intake, especially via maternal dietary patterns, from the clinical perspective of SUD prevention or pre-existing emotional disorders. Methodology: This narrative review focuses on the roles of a high-sugar diet (HSD) and added sugar in foods and on the impacts of glucose and fructose on the development of substance use disorder (SUD) and on the behavioural predictors of drugs abuse. The literature was reviewed by two authors independently according to the topic of the review. We searched the PubMed and Scopus databases and Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute open access scientific journals using the following keyword search strategy depending on the theme of the chapter: \u201chigh-sugar diet\u201d OR \u201chigh-carbohydrate diet\u201d OR \u201csugar\u201d OR \u201cglucose\u201d OR \u201cfructose\u201d OR \u201cadded sugar\u201d AND keywords. We excluded inaccessible or pay-walled articles, abstracts, conference papers, editorials, letters, commentary, and short notes. Reviews, experimental studies, and epidemiological data, published since 1990s, were searched and collected depending on the chapter structure. After the search, all duplicates are thrown out and full texts were read, and findings were rescreened. After the selection process, appropriate papers were included to present in this review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T00:19:21Z","timestamp":1658189961000},"page":"2940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["A High-Sugar Diet Consumption, Metabolism and Health Impacts with a Focus on the Development of Substance Use Disorder: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2905-9183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kacper","family":"Witek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Sm\u0119tna Street 12, 31-343 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Wydra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Sm\u0119tna Street 12, 31-343 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4321-7942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Filip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Sm\u0119tna Street 12, 31-343 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Carbohydrates","volume":"1","author":"Asif","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Biochem. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2318(08)60140-7","article-title":"The Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Sweetness of Sugars","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"1987","journal-title":"Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602936","article-title":"Carbohydrate Terminology and Classification","volume":"61","author":"Cummings","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI96702","article-title":"Fructose Metabolism and Metabolic Disease","volume":"128","author":"Hannou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rippe, J.M., and Angelopoulos, T.J. (2016). Relationship between Added Sugars Consumption and Chronic Disease Risk Factors: Current Understanding. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8110697"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.006163","article-title":"Carbohydrates","volume":"5","author":"Slavin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and U.S. Department of Agriculture (2021, June 13). 2015\u20132020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 8th Ed.; December 2015, Available online: http:\/\/health.gov\/dietaryguidelines\/2015\/guidelines\/."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (2020). Scientif ic Report of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee: Advisory Report to the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Health Human Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toop, C.R., and Gentili, S. (2016). Fructose Beverage Consumption Induces a Metabolic Syndrome Phenotype in the Rat: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8090577"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"National Research Council (US) Subcommittee on Laboratory Animal Nutrition (1995). Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals, National Academies Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/laban.786","article-title":"Laboratory Animal Control Diets: Very Important, Often Neglected","volume":"44","author":"Ricci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab Anim."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400014479","article-title":"Feeding and Breeding of Laboratory Animals: IX. A Complete Cubed Diet for Mice and Rats","volume":"47","author":"Bruce","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17784","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74460-8","article-title":"Nutritional Profile of Rodent Diets Impacts Experimental Reproducibility in Microbiome Preclinical Research","volume":"10","author":"Tuck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.018366","article-title":"Consumption of Added Sugars Is Decreasing in the United States","volume":"94","author":"Welsh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.002279","article-title":"Consumption of Added Sugar among U.S. Children and Adolescents, 2005\u20132008. NCHS Data Brief No 87. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics","volume":"3","author":"McGuire","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2019.09.007","article-title":"Added Sugars Intake among US Infants and Toddlers","volume":"120","author":"Herrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Bowman, S.A., Clemens, J.C., Friday, J.E., and Moshfegh, A.J. (2022, April 10). 2020. Food Patterns Equivalent Intakes from Food: Mean Amounts Consumed per Individual, What We Eat in America, NHANES 2017\u20132018, Tables 1\u20134. Worldwide Web Site: Food Surveys Research Group, Available online: https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/nea\/bhnrc\/fsrg\/fped."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption Among U.S. Youth, 2011\u20132014","volume":"271","author":"Rosinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E154","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd15.180335","article-title":"Daily Intake of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages among US Adults in 9 States, by State and Sociodemographic and Behavioral Characteristics, 2016","volume":"15","author":"Lundeen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(02)90346-9","article-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Acids","volume":"102","author":"Trumbo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet Assoc."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2022, April 10). Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020\u20132025. 9th Edition. December 2020, Available online: DietaryGuidelines.gov."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.13563","article-title":"Added Sugar Intake and Cardiovascular Diseases Mortality Among US Adults","volume":"174","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Int. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2011.00456.x","article-title":"Global Nutrition Transition and the Pandemic of Obesity in Developing Countries","volume":"70","author":"Popkin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandy, L.K., Scarborough, P., Harrington, R.A., Rayner, M., and Jebb, S.A. (2020). Reductions in Sugar Sales from Soft Drinks in the UK from 2015 to 2018. BMC Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1477-4"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glq079","article-title":"Increased Fructose Intake as a Risk Factor for Dementia","volume":"65A","author":"Stephan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.08.025","article-title":"Fructose and Cardiometabolic Health: What the Evidence from Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Tells Us","volume":"66","author":"Malik","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1596","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1251","article-title":"Consumption of Fructose and High Fructose Corn Syrup Increase Postprandial Triglycerides, LDL-Cholesterol, and Apolipoprotein-B in Young Men and Women","volume":"96","author":"Stanhope","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"160","article-title":"Dietary Fructose Consumption Among US Children and Adults: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"10","author":"Vos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Medscape J. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.5.911","article-title":"Fructose, Weight Gain, and the Insulin Resistance Syndrome","volume":"76","author":"Elliott","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.002816","article-title":"Energy and Fructose from Beverages Sweetened With Sugar or High-Fructose Corn Syrup Pose a Health Risk for Some People","volume":"4","author":"Bray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.4.537","article-title":"Consumption of High-Fructose Corn Syrup in Beverages May Play a Role in the Epidemic of Obesity","volume":"79","author":"Bray","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3109\/10408363.2015.1084990","article-title":"Sugar Consumption, Metabolic Disease and Obesity: The State of the Controversy","volume":"53","author":"Stanhope","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-016-1340-8","article-title":"A Review of Recent Evidence Relating to Sugars, Insulin Resistance and Diabetes","volume":"55","author":"Macdonald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.014654","article-title":"Perspective: A Historical and Scientific Perspective of Sugar and Its Relation with Obesity and Diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1004-6","article-title":"Sugar-Sweetened Beverage, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents: Policies, Taxation, and Programs","volume":"18","author":"Yoshida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05594-1","article-title":"Obesity in the Critically Ill: A Narrative Review","volume":"45","author":"Schetz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.31883\/pjfns\/110735","article-title":"The Dose Makes the Poison: Sugar and Obesity in the United States\u2014A Review","volume":"69","author":"Faruque","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haththotuwa, R.N., Wijeyaratne, C.N., and Senarath, U. (2013). Worldwide Epidemic of Obesity, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416045-3.00001-7"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3986","article-title":"Sugar and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Bittersweet","volume":"18","author":"Iadecola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560865","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.560865","article-title":"Cerebral Fructose Metabolism as a Potential Mechanism Driving Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13715","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13715","article-title":"Alleviation of Fructose-Induced Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in Rats by Pioglitazone and Decaffeinated Green Coffee Bean Extract","volume":"45","author":"Mohamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.05.026","article-title":"Glucose Dysregulation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Too Much Glucose or Not Enough Insulin?","volume":"55","author":"Marques","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628845","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.628845","article-title":"Increased Added Sugar Consumption Is Common in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"8","author":"Palavra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2021.102089","article-title":"Glucose Metabolic Crosstalk and Regulation in Brain Function and Diseases","volume":"204","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.07.001","article-title":"Sugar for the Brain: The Role of Glucose in Physiological and Pathological Brain Function","volume":"36","author":"Mergenthaler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7653","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29682","article-title":"Glucose, Glycolysis, and Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"235","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010001","article-title":"Sweet but Bitter: Focus on Fructose Impact on Brain Function in Rodent Models","volume":"13","author":"Spagnuolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00123-9","article-title":"A High-Fat, Refined Sugar Diet Reduces Hippocampal Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Neuronal Plasticity, and Learning","volume":"112","author":"Molteni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6719","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7085307","article-title":"Diet-Induced Cognitive Deficits: The Role of Fat and Sugar, Potential Mechanisms and Nutritional Interventions","volume":"7","author":"Beilharz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.05.021","article-title":"The Impact of Sugar Consumption on Stress Driven, Emotional and Addictive Behaviors","volume":"103","author":"Jacques","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142301.ns0938s59","article-title":"Diet-Induced Models of Obesity (DIO) in Rodents","volume":"59","author":"Bagnol","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"383","article-title":"Diet-Induced Obesity: Rodent Model for the Study of Obesity-Related Disorders","volume":"58","author":"Rosini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. M\u00e9d. Bras."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2013.04.027","article-title":"A Quick Look at Biochemistry: Carbohydrate Metabolism","volume":"46","author":"Dashty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Nakrani, M.N., Wineland, R.H., and Anjum, F. (2022, April 10). Physiology, Glucose Metabolism, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK560599\/."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Freeman, W.H. (2002). Biochemistry, Madison Avenue. [5th ed.]. Chapter 17."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.2858","article-title":"GLUT, SGLT, and SWEET: Structural and Mechanistic Investigations of the Glucose Transporters","volume":"25","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-015-0186-2","article-title":"Glucose Transporters: Physiological and Pathological Roles","volume":"8","author":"Navale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607104028005364","article-title":"The Glucose Transporter Families SGLT and GLUT: Molecular Basis of Normal and Aberrant Function","volume":"28","author":"Scheepers","year":"2004","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-020-02441-x","article-title":"Glucose Transporters in Brain in Health and Disease","volume":"472","author":"Koepsell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch. Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000328","article-title":"Brain Glucose Transporters","volume":"82","author":"Benarroch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Walker, H.K., Hall, W.D., and Hurst, J.W. (1990). Blood Glucose. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations, Butterworths. [3rd ed.]. Chapter 141."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georga, E.I., Fotiadis, D.I., and Tigas, S.K. (2018). Pathophysiology and Management of Type 1 Diabetes. Personalized Predictive Modeling in Type 1 Diabetes, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804831-3.00001-7"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E227","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90245.2008","article-title":"Regulation of the Fructose Transporter GLUT5 in Health and Disease","volume":"295","author":"Douard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merino, B., Fern\u00e1ndez-D\u00edaz, C.M., C\u00f3zar-Castellano, I., and Perdomo, G. (2020). Intestinal Fructose and Glucose Metabolism in Health and Disease. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010094"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12162","article-title":"Fructose, Pregnancy and Later Life Impacts","volume":"40","author":"Regnault","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-020-02417-x","article-title":"Glucose Transporters in Adipose Tissue, Liver, and Skeletal Muscle in Metabolic Health and Disease","volume":"472","author":"Chadt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13079","article-title":"Uptake and Metabolism of Fructose by Rat Neocortical Cells in Vivo and by Isolated Nerve Terminals in Vitro","volume":"133","author":"Hassel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiba, Y., Murakami, R., Matsumoto, K., Wakamatsu, K., Nonaka, W., Uemura, N., Yanase, K., Kamada, M., and Ueno, M. (2020). Glucose, Fructose, and Urate Transporters in the Choroid Plexus Epithelium. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197230"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04956.x","article-title":"From Sugar to Fat: How the Transcription Factor XBP1 Regulates Hepatic Lipogenesis","volume":"1173","author":"Glimcher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"520","article-title":"Conversion of Sugar to Fat: Is Hepatic de Novo Lipogenesis Leading to Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Chronic Diseases?","volume":"117","author":"Schwarz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.1.212S","article-title":"Sugars and Blood Glucose Control","volume":"62","author":"Wolever","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e219","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2016.6","article-title":"Pancreatic Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis","volume":"48","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Jerry Kaneko, J., Harvey, J.J., and Bruss, M.L. (2008). Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800101-1.00002-8","article-title":"Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis by GLP-1","volume":"121","author":"Nadkarni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melmed, S., Koenig, R., Rosen, C., Auchus, R., and Goldfine, A. (2019). Shlomo Melmed Ronald Koenig Clifford Rosen Richard Auchus Allison Goldfine 37. Complications of Diabetes Mellitus. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, Elsevier Health Sciences.","DOI":"10.33029\/9704-4951-6-PEND-1-848"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, A.A., and Owyang, C. (2017). Sugars, Sweet Taste Receptors, and Brain Responses. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9070653"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201003144","article-title":"The Cell Biology of Taste","volume":"190","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-305112","article-title":"Taste Receptors of the Gut: Emerging Roles in Health and Disease","volume":"63","author":"Depoortere","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.180","article-title":"The Gut as a Sensory Organ","volume":"10","author":"Furness","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.149567","article-title":"Mechanisms for Sweetness","volume":"142","author":"Fernstrom","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.03906.x","article-title":"The Role of the Parabrachial Nucleus in Taste Processing and Feeding","volume":"1170","author":"Scott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"90","article-title":"Ghrelin\u2014Physiological Functions and Regulation","volume":"11","author":"Abdalla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(05)71012-8","article-title":"Leptin: Structure, Function and Biology","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00350-0","article-title":"Ghrelin-Leptin Tango in Body-Weight Regulation","volume":"124","author":"Cummings","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2006.00270.x","article-title":"The Role of Leptin and Ghrelin in the Regulation of Food Intake and Body Weight in Humans: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Klok","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endinu.2020.10.011","article-title":"Papel de La Grelina y la Leptina en el Comportamiento Alimentario: Evidencias Gen\u00e9ticas y Moleculares","volume":"68","author":"Moreno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Diabetes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1433.054","article-title":"CNS Regulation of Energy Metabolism: Ghrelin versus Leptin","volume":"1126","author":"Nogueiras","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11696","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1934666100","article-title":"Chronic Stress and Obesity: A New View of \u201cComfort Food\u201d","volume":"100","author":"Dallman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2006.8.4\/ssmith","article-title":"The Role of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Neuroendocrine Responses to Stress","volume":"8","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1159\/000487755","article-title":"The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis: A Brief History","volume":"89","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"153","article-title":"The Endocrine System: An Overview","volume":"22","author":"Bartke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Alcohol Health Res. World"},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Tsigos, C., Kyrou, I., Kassi, E., Chrousos, G.P., Feingold, K.R., Anawalt, B., Boyce, A., Chrousos, G., de Herder, W.W., and Dhatariya, K. (2022, April 10). Stress: Endocrine Physiology and Pathophysiology. [Updated 2020 Oct 17], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK278995\/#strss-endo-pathophys.STRESS_ENDOCRINE_PA."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0b013e3181b52df1","article-title":"Impact of Maternal Stress, Depression & Anxiety on Fetal Neurobehavioral Development","volume":"52","author":"Kinsella","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"381","article-title":"Stress Exposure, Food Intake, and Emotional State","volume":"18","author":"Fulton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(00)00076-3","article-title":"Stress, Dietary Restraint and Food Intake","volume":"48","author":"Wardle","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0037","article-title":"Minireview: Glucocorticoids\u2014Food Intake, Abdominal Obesity, and Wealthy Nations in 2004","volume":"145","author":"Dallman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20529","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007740107","article-title":"Pleasurable Behaviors Reduce Stress via Brain Reward Pathways","volume":"107","author":"Christiansen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000732","article-title":"Stress-Induced Suppression of Food Intake in Overweight and Obese Adolescents","volume":"81","author":"Nagy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0729-6","article-title":"High\/Low Cortisol Reactivity and Food Intake in People with Obesity and Healthy Weight","volume":"10","author":"Herhaus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"757","article-title":"Effects of Sugar Rich Diet on Brain Serotonin, Hyperphagia and Anxiety in Animal Model of Both Genders","volume":"29","author":"Inam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pak. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2019.07.005","article-title":"Palatable Food Reduces Anxiety-like Behaviors and HPA Axis Responses to Stress in Female Rats in an Estrous-Cycle Specific Manner","volume":"115","author":"Egan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-017-1454-7","article-title":"Sucrose-Induced Plasticity in the Basolateral Amygdala in a \u2018Comfort\u2019 Feeding Paradigm","volume":"222","author":"Packard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(92)90440-D","article-title":"Divergent Responses to Saccharin vs. Sucrose Availability after Stress in Rats","volume":"52","author":"Dess","year":"1992","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordon, E.L., Ariel-Donges, A.H., Bauman, V., and Merlo, L.J. (2018). What Is the Evidence for \u201cFood Addiction?\u201d A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040477"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e31819aa621","article-title":"A Behavioral and Circuit Model Based on Sugar Addiction in Rats","volume":"3","author":"Hoebel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Addict. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00925","article-title":"Mood, Food and Obesity","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8476","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1598-11.2011","article-title":"Mesocorticolimbic Glutamatergic Pathway","volume":"31","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00014.2018","article-title":"The Neuroscience of Drug Reward and Addiction","volume":"99","author":"Volkow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-7682-3-24","article-title":"Dopaminergic Reward System: A Short Integrative Review","volume":"3","author":"Stamelou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blaess, S., Stott, S.R.W., and Ang, S.-L. (2020). The Generation of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons. Patterning and Cell Type Specification in the Developing CNS and PNS, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814405-3.00017-5"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.09.004","article-title":"Dietary Sugars and Non-Caloric Sweeteners Elicit Different Homeostatic and Hedonic Responses in the Brain","volume":"60","author":"Kaal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2018.1477538","article-title":"Brain Activity and Connectivity Changes in Response to Glucose Ingestion","volume":"23","author":"Hafkemeijer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2019.1639306","article-title":"Brain Activity and Connectivity Changes in Response to Nutritive Natural Sugars, Non-Nutritive Natural Sugar Replacements and Artificial Sweeteners","volume":"24","author":"Hafkemeijer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1040","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00110.2011","article-title":"Simultaneous Measurement of Glucose Transport and Utilization in the Human Brain","volume":"301","author":"Shestov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119894540","article-title":"Resting State FMRI Reveals Differential Effects of Glucose Administration on Central Appetite Signalling in Young and Old Adults","volume":"34","author":"Peters","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2009.12.001","article-title":"The Plausibility of Sugar Addiction and Its Role in Obesity and Eating Disorders","volume":"29","author":"Benton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2013.06.010","article-title":"Neurobiologic Basis of Craving for Carbohydrates","volume":"30","author":"Ventura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1017\/S002966511800263X","article-title":"Effects of Consuming Sugars and Alternative Sweeteners during Pregnancy on Maternal and Child Health: Evidence for a Secondhand Sugar Effect","volume":"78","author":"Goran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00545","article-title":"Sugar Addiction: From Evolution to Revolution","volume":"9","author":"Wiss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.04.019","article-title":"Evidence for Sugar Addiction: Behavioral and Neurochemical Effects of Intermittent, Excessive Sugar Intake","volume":"32","author":"Avena","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2004.12.016","article-title":"Sugar-Dependent Rats Show Enhanced Responding for Sugar after Abstinence: Evidence of a Sugar Deprivation Effect","volume":"84","author":"Avena","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbrainres.2004.02.013","article-title":"Opiate-like Effects of Sugar on Gene Expression in Reward Areas of the Rat Brain","volume":"124","author":"Spangler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2008.01.008","article-title":"After Daily Bingeing on a Sucrose Solution, Food Deprivation Induces Anxiety and Accumbens Dopamine\/Acetylcholine Imbalance","volume":"94","author":"Avena","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.12.037","article-title":"Sucrose Sham Feeding on a Binge Schedule Releases Accumbens Dopamine Repeatedly and Eliminates the Acetylcholine Satiety Response","volume":"139","author":"Avena","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.04.043","article-title":"Daily Bingeing on Sugar Repeatedly Releases Dopamine in the Accumbens Shell","volume":"134","author":"Rada","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shariff, M., Quik, M., Holgate, J., Morgan, M., Patkar, O.L., Tam, V., Belmer, A., and Bartlett, S.E. (2016). Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Modulators Reduce Sugar Intake. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150270"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10194","article-title":"Excitatory Transmission from the Amygdala to Nucleus Accumbens Facilitates Reward Seeking","volume":"475","author":"Stuber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R31","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00282.2003","article-title":"Oral Sucrose Stimulation Increases Accumbens Dopamine in the Rat","volume":"286","author":"Hajnal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200111160-00035","article-title":"Excessive Sugar Intake Alters Binding to Dopamine and Mu-Opioid Receptors in the Brain","volume":"12","author":"Colantuoni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gawli\u0144ski, D., Gawli\u0144ska, K., Frankowska, M., and Filip, M. (2020). Maternal Diet Influences the Reinstatement of Cocaine-Seeking Behavior and the Expression of Melanocortin-4 Receptors in Female Offspring of Rats. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051462"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9192","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202000163R","article-title":"Maternal High-Sugar Diet Changes Offspring Vulnerability to Reinstatement of Cocaine-Seeking Behavior: Role of Melanocortin-4 Receptors","volume":"34","author":"Frankowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2005.01269.x","article-title":"Introduction of a High-Energy Diet Acutely up-Regulates Hypothalamic Cocaine and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript, Mc4R and Brown Adipose Tissue Uncoupling Protein-1 Gene Expression in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats","volume":"17","author":"Archer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2016.00054","article-title":"Prolonged Consumption of Sucrose in a Binge-Like Manner, Alters the Morphology of Medium Spiny Neurons in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell","volume":"10","author":"Klenowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.01.027","article-title":"Influence of Palatability on Motivation to Operate for Caloric and Non-Caloric Food in Non Food-Deprived and Food-Deprived Rats","volume":"236","author":"Scheggi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6123","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4806-12.2013","article-title":"Sucrose Ingestion Induces Rapid AMPA Receptor Trafficking","volume":"33","author":"Tukey","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.04.025","article-title":"When a Good Taste Turns Bad: Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Emergence of Negative Affect and Associated Natural Reward Devaluation by Cocaine","volume":"76","author":"Carelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2021.678267","article-title":"Sucrose Consumption Alters Serotonin\/Glutamate Co-Localisation Within the Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus of Mice","volume":"14","author":"Beecher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S211534","article-title":"Habitual Sugar Intake and Cognitive Impairment among Multi-Ethnic Malaysian Older Adults","volume":"14","author":"Chong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3074-0","article-title":"Glucose and Memory: The Influence of Drink, Expectancy, and Beliefs","volume":"228","author":"Stollery","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.09.051","article-title":"Sugar Consumption and Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Birth Cohort Study","volume":"243","author":"Anselmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670430","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.670430","article-title":"Long-Term Overconsumption of Sugar Starting at Adolescence Produces Persistent Hyperactivity and Neurocognitive Deficits in Adulthood","volume":"15","author":"Beecher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.03.029","article-title":"High-Sucrose Diets in Male Rats Disrupt Aspects of Decision Making Tasks, Motivation and Spatial Memory, but Not Impulsivity Measured by Operant Delay-Discounting","volume":"327","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2002.66","article-title":"Evidence That Intermittent, Excessive Sugar Intake Causes Endogenous Opioid Dependence","volume":"10","author":"Colantuoni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.06.017","article-title":"Effects of CB1 and CRF1 Receptor Antagonists on Binge-like Eating in Rats with Limited Access to a Sweet Fat Diet: Lack of Withdrawal-like Responses","volume":"107","author":"Parylak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.08.025","article-title":"High-Fructose Diet during Periadolescent Development Increases Depressive-like Behavior and Remodels the Hypothalamic Transcriptome in Male Rats","volume":"62","author":"Harrell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2018.05.005","article-title":"Effects of High Fat or High Sucrose Diet on Behavioral-Response to Social Defeat Stress in Mice","volume":"9","author":"Eudave","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.11.041","article-title":"Sucrose Withdrawal Induces Depression and Anxiety-like Behavior by Kir2.1 Upregulation in the Nucleus Accumbens","volume":"130","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2016.1213529","article-title":"Carbohydrate-Enriched Diet Predispose to Anxiety and Depression-like Behavior after Stress in Mice","volume":"21","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0025-9","article-title":"Unlimited Sucrose Consumption during Adolescence Generates a Depressive-like Phenotype in Adulthood","volume":"43","author":"Gueye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2015.07.018","article-title":"High Sucrose Consumption during Pregnancy Induced ADHD-like Behavioral Phenotypes in Mice Offspring","volume":"26","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01809.x","article-title":"The Origins of the Developmental Origins Theory","volume":"261","author":"Barker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1237424","article-title":"Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: Brief History of the Approach and Current Focus on Epigenetic Mechanisms","volume":"27","author":"Wadhwa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000191","article-title":"Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: A Paradigm for Understanding Disease Cause and Prevention","volume":"27","author":"Heindel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.02.015","article-title":"Does Maternal Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation Affect Outcomes in Offspring? A Systematic Review of Food-Based Approaches","volume":"30","author":"Netting","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0708473","article-title":"Effect of in Utero and Early-Life Conditions on Adult Health and Disease","volume":"359","author":"Gluckman","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"8061389","article-title":"Maternal Overnutrition Programs Central Inflammation and Addiction-Like Behavior in Offspring","volume":"2018","author":"Camacho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2016.06.004","article-title":"Nutrition Recommendations in Pregnancy and Lactation","volume":"100","author":"Kominiarek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2015). ACOG Practice Bulletin No 156: Obesity in Pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol., 126, e112\u2013e126.","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001211"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2008.00541.x","article-title":"Prepregnancy BMI and the Risk of Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review of the Literature with Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Torloni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1112","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study: Associations with Neonatal Anthropometrics","volume":"58","author":"Metzger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1103034","article-title":"The Reset Hypothesis: Lactation and Maternal Metabolism","volume":"26","author":"Stuebe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90631-R","article-title":"Insulin-Requiring Diabetes in Pregnancy: A Randomized Trial of Active Induction of Labor and Expectant Management","volume":"169","author":"Kjos","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20041288","article-title":"Independent of Body Adiposity, Breast-Feeding Has a Protective Effect on Glucose Metabolism in Young Adult Women","volume":"92","author":"Diniz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174412000761","article-title":"Maternal Diet-Induced Obesity and Offspring Cardiovascular Health","volume":"4","author":"Blackmore","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000043","article-title":"The Effect of Maternal Obesity on the Offspring","volume":"57","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05533-0","article-title":"Maternal Diet Quality during Pregnancy Is Associated with Biomarkers of Metabolic Risk among Male Offspring","volume":"64","author":"Francis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2007.00918.x","article-title":"Maternal Diet and the Risk of Hypospadias and Cryptorchidism in the Offspring","volume":"22","author":"Giordano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.5603\/GP.2020.0116","article-title":"How Mother\u2019s Obesity May Affect the Pregnancy and Offspring","volume":"91","author":"Pietryga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ginekol. Polska"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30107-3","article-title":"Influence of Maternal Obesity on the Long-Term Health of Offspring","volume":"5","author":"Godfrey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283007dda","article-title":"High-Sugar Diets Increase Cardiac Dysfunction and Mortality in Hypertension Compared to Low-Carbohydrate or High-Starch Diets","volume":"26","author":"Sharma","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0b013e3181feb90a","article-title":"High-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet\u2013Induced Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Remodeling in Rats","volume":"57","author":"Panchal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4379","DOI":"10.1113\/JP274066","article-title":"Impact of Perinatal Exposure to Sucrose or High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS-55) on Adiposity and Hepatic Lipid Composition in Rat Offspring","volume":"595","author":"Toop","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174420000501","article-title":"The High-Fructose Intake of Dams during Pregnancy and Lactation Exerts Sex-Specific Effects on Adult Rat Offspring Metabolism","volume":"12","author":"Zamudio","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110612","article-title":"Sex-Linked Changes and High Cardiovascular Risk Markers in the Mature Progeny of Father, Mother, or Both Father and Mother Consuming a High-Fructose Diet","volume":"71","author":"Ornellas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01157-x","article-title":"Maternal Cafeteria Diet Exposure Primes Depression-like Behavior in the Offspring Evoking Lower Brain Volume Related to Changes in Synaptic Terminals and Gliosis","volume":"11","author":"Devenyi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12524","article-title":"Animal Models of Maternal High Fat Diet Exposure and Effects on Metabolism in Offspring: A Meta-Regression Analysis","volume":"18","author":"Ribaroff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10240","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.202787","article-title":"Maternal High Sugar and Fat Diet Benefits Offspring Brain Function via Targeting on the Gut-Brain Axis","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaz049","article-title":"The Effect of Maternal High-Fat\/High-Sugar Diet on Offspring Oocytes and Early Embryo Development","volume":"25","author":"Andreas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa020","article-title":"Relationship of Maternal High-Fat Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation to Offspring Health","volume":"79","author":"Filip","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12817","article-title":"Maternal Obesity in Pregnancy Impacts Offspring Cardiometabolic Health: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies","volume":"20","author":"Menting","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.12.023","article-title":"The Link between Maternal Obesity and Offspring Neurobehavior: A Systematic Review of Animal Experiments","volume":"98","author":"Menting","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21547","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202002691R","article-title":"Maternal High-Sugar Diet Results in NMDA Receptors Abnormalities and Cognitive Impairment in Rat Offspring","volume":"35","author":"Mizera","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507812037","article-title":"A Maternal \u201cjunk Food\u201d Diet in Pregnancy and Lactation Promotes an Exacerbated Taste for \u201cJunk Food\u201d and a Greater Propensity for Obesity in Rat Offspring","volume":"98","author":"Bayol","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20428","article-title":"Drug Use Disorders: Impact of a Public Health Rather than a Criminal Justice Approach","volume":"16","author":"Volkow","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_185","unstructured":"The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2021). World Drug Report 2021, United Nations Publication. Sales No. E.21.XI.8."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.03.030","article-title":"A Place for the Hippocampus in the Cocaine Addiction Circuit: Potential Roles for Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis","volume":"66","author":"Serrano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3206","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4901-04.2006","article-title":"Cocaine Increases Dopamine Release by Mobilization of a Synapsin-Dependent Reserve Pool","volume":"26","author":"Venton","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)00987-5","article-title":"Dopamine Release during Cocaine Self-Administration in Rats: Effect of SCH23390","volume":"701","author":"Egilmez","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328361c8b8","article-title":"Sugar Addiction: Pushing the Drug-Sugar Analogy to the Limit","volume":"16","author":"Ahmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onaolapo, A.Y., Onaolapo, O.J., and Olowe, O.A. (2020). An Overview of Addiction to Sugar. Dietary Sugar, Salt and Fat in Human Health, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816918-6.00009-3"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12917","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12917","article-title":"Preliminary Evidence for an Association between Intake of High-Fat High-Sugar Diet, Variations in Peripheral Dopamine Precursor Availability and Dopamine-Dependent Cognition in Humans","volume":"32","author":"Hartmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenoir, M., Serre, F., Cantin, L., and Ahmed, S.H. (2007). Intense Sweetness Surpasses Cocaine Reward. PLoS ONE, 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000698"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-62855-0_11","article-title":"Neuropsychological and Behavioral Aspects of Drug Use and Abuse: Theory, Research, and Intervention","volume":"1","author":"Lopes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097971","article-title":"Sugar Addiction: Is It Real? A Narrative Review","volume":"52","author":"DiNicolantonio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rorabaugh, J.M., Stratford, J.M., and Zahniser, N.R. (2014). A Relationship between Reduced Nucleus Accumbens Shell and Enhanced Lateral Hypothalamic Orexin Neuronal Activation in Long-Term Fructose Bingeing Behavior. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095019"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e911","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.176","article-title":"Enhanced Sensitivity to Drugs of Abuse and Palatable Foods Following Maternal Overnutrition","volume":"6","author":"Sarker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaa074","article-title":"Effects of High-Fat Diet and Maternal Binge-Like Alcohol Consumption and Their Influence on Cocaine Response in Female Mice Offspring","volume":"24","author":"Cantacorps","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01798-1","article-title":"Maternal High-Fat Diet Induces Sex-Specific Changes to Glucocorticoid and Inflammatory Signaling in Response to Corticosterone and Lipopolysaccharide Challenge in Adult Rat Offspring","volume":"17","author":"Wijenayake","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.04.024","article-title":"Effects of Perinatal Exposure to Palatable Diets on Body Weight and Sensitivity to Drugs of Abuse in Rats","volume":"107","author":"Bocarsly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000019","article-title":"Effects of Consuming a Diet High in Fat and\/or Sugar on the Locomotor Effects of Acute and Repeated Cocaine in Male and Female C57BL\/6J Mice","volume":"23","author":"Collins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(02)01050-X","article-title":"Amphetamine-Sensitized Rats Show Sugar-Induced Hyperactivity (Cross-Sensitization) and Sugar Hyperphagia","volume":"74","author":"Avena","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(03)00502-5","article-title":"A Diet Promoting Sugar Dependency Causes Behavioral Cross-Sensitization to a Low Dose of Amphetamine","volume":"122","author":"Avena","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0550-1","article-title":"Reward Sensitivity Deficits in a Rat Model of Compulsive Eating Behavior","volume":"45","author":"Moore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.06.015","article-title":"Differences in Bingeing Behavior and Cocaine Reward Following Intermittent Access to Sucrose, Glucose or Fructose Solutions","volume":"301","author":"Rorabaugh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(02)01034-1","article-title":"Chronic Access to a Sucrose Solution Enhances the Development of Conditioned Place Preferences for Fentanyl and Amphetamine in Male Long-Evans Rats","volume":"74","author":"Vitale","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2011.05.014","article-title":"A High Fructose Diet Does Not Affect Amphetamine Self-Administration or Spatial Water Maze Learning and Memory in Female Rats","volume":"99","author":"Bruggeman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2014.03.013","article-title":"Food Consumption and Weight Gain after Cessation of Chronic Amphetamine Administration","volume":"78","author":"Orsini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.04.004","article-title":"Consumption of Palatable Food Decreases the Anorectic Effects of Serotonergic, but Not Dopaminergic Drugs in Baboons","volume":"103","author":"Foltin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(02)00924-3","article-title":"Diet Influences Cocaine Withdrawal Behaviors in the Forced Swimming Test","volume":"74","author":"Loebens","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_210","first-page":"611","article-title":"The Diagnosis and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders","volume":"115","author":"Gensichen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt Int."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2016.1190867","article-title":"Biological Markers for Anxiety Disorders, OCD and PTSD: A Consensus Statement. Part II: Neurochemistry, Neurophysiology and Neurocognition","volume":"18","author":"Bandelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_212","first-page":"19","article-title":"Anxiety and Substance Use Disorders: A Review","volume":"25","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Times"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106644","article-title":"Does Anxiety Sensitivity Predict Addiction Severity in Opioid Use Disorder?","volume":"112","author":"Stathopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2020.1836435","article-title":"Loneliness, Mental Health, and Substance Use among US Young Adults during COVID-19","volume":"53","author":"Horigian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychoact. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-014-0544-y","article-title":"Anxiety and Substance Use Disorders: Co-Occurrence and Clinical Issues","volume":"17","author":"Vorspan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12030","article-title":"Anxiety Disorders and Drug Dependence: Evidence on Sequence and Specificity among Adults","volume":"67","author":"Goodwin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2003.07.002","article-title":"Anxiety and Substance Use Disorders: Introduction to the Special Series","volume":"18","author":"Zvolensky","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_218","first-page":"414","article-title":"Anxiety and Alcohol Use Disorders: Comorbidity and Treatment Considerations","volume":"34","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Curr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johannessen, E.L., Andersson, H.W., Bj\u00f8rngaard, J.H., and Pape, K. (2017). Anxiety and Depression Symptoms and Alcohol Use among Adolescents\u2014A Cross Sectional Study of Norwegian Secondary School Students. BMC Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4389-2"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113637","article-title":"Changes Depression- and Anxiety- like Behaviors Following Selective Breeding for Cocaine Reinforcement","volume":"295","author":"Grasing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(97)00113-9","article-title":"Neurobiological Similarities in Depression and Drug Dependence: A Self-Medication Hypothesis","volume":"18","author":"Markou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2017.1360535","article-title":"Increased Depression and Anxiety Symptoms Are Associated with More Breakdowns in Cognitive Control to Cocaine Cues in Veterans with Cocaine Use Disorder","volume":"13","author":"DiGirolamo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dual Diagn."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/ppc.12825","article-title":"The Effect of Anxiety on Nicotine Dependence among University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"58","author":"Ayran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychiatr. Care"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0809890","article-title":"Nicotine Addiction","volume":"362","author":"Benowitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2010.00237.x","article-title":"Nicotine Increases Neural Response to Unpleasant Stimuli and Anxiety in Non-Smokers","volume":"16","author":"Kobiella","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.05.005","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Depression and Substance Use and Impairment among Cocaine Users","volume":"98","author":"Conner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990701199416","article-title":"Treatment Outcome Predictors for Cocaine Dependence","volume":"33","author":"Poling","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.05.009","article-title":"Treatment of Cocaine Dependence and Depression","volume":"56","author":"Rounsaville","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_229","first-page":"362","article-title":"Using Addiction Severity Profiles to Differentiate Cocaine-Dependent Patients with and without Comorbid Major Depression","volume":"15","author":"Leventhal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict. Am. Acad. Psychiatr. Alcohol. Addict."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.07.004","article-title":"Association of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorder Comorbidity with Cocaine Dependence Severity and Treatment Utilization in Cocaine-Dependent Individuals","volume":"99","author":"Ford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021964","article-title":"Anhedonia Associated with Stimulant Use and Dependence in a Population-Based Sample of American Adults","volume":"18","author":"Leventhal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2016.08.020","article-title":"Anhedonia Is Associated with Poorer Outcomes in Contingency Management for Cocaine Use Disorder","volume":"72","author":"Wardle","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-019-09402-x","article-title":"A Systematic Meta-Review of Impulsivity and Compulsivity in Addictive Behaviors","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.03.007","article-title":"The Role of Impulsivity in the Development of Substance Use and Eating Disorders","volume":"28","author":"Dawe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(00)00064-7","article-title":"The Five Factor Model and Impulsivity: Using a Structural Model of Personality to Understand Impulsivity","volume":"30","author":"Whiteside","year":"2001","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12036","article-title":"Individual Differences in Cocaine Addiction: Maladaptive Behavioural Traits","volume":"19","author":"Homberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2015.00047","article-title":"Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder in Relation to Addictive Behaviors: A Moderated-Mediation Analysis of Personality-Risk Factors and Sex","volume":"6","author":"Davis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.8","article-title":"Fractionating Impulsivity: Neuropsychiatric Implications","volume":"18","author":"Dalley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2018.1498846","article-title":"Testing Daily Associations between Impulsivity, Affect, and Alcohol Outcomes: A Pilot Study","volume":"27","author":"Stamates","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict. Res. Theory"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-019-09411-w","article-title":"Neurobiological and Cognitive Profile of Young Binge Drinkers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Lees","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S105190","article-title":"Relationship of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptom Severity with Severity of Alcohol-Related Problems in a Sample of Inpatients with Alcohol Use Disorder","volume":"12","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1159\/000512156","article-title":"Emerging Adults in Inpatient Substance Use Treatment: A Prospective Cohort Study of Patient Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes","volume":"27","author":"Andersson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Addict. Res."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00309-5","article-title":"Sensation Seeking as a Common Factor in Opioid Dependent Subjects and High Risk Sport Practicing Subjects. A Cross Sectional Study","volume":"69","author":"Franques","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1583","article-title":"Genetic Influences on Impulsivity, Risk Taking, Stress Responsivity and Vulnerability to Drug Abuse and Addiction","volume":"8","author":"Kreek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.46.1.139","article-title":"Sensation Seeking in England and America: Cross-Cultural, Age, and Sex Comparisons","volume":"46","author":"Zuckerman","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(90)90064-5","article-title":"Influences of Sensation Seeking, Gender, Risk Appraisal, and Situational Motivation on Smoking","volume":"15","author":"Zuckerman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-003-1584-x","article-title":"Differential Effects of Novelty Exposure on Place Preference Conditioning to Amphetamine and Its Oral Consumption","volume":"171","author":"Pelloux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-015-9636-7","article-title":"Novelty Seeking and Drug Addiction in Humans and Animals: From Behavior to Molecules","volume":"11","author":"Wingo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.188","article-title":"High-Novelty-Preference Rats Are Predisposed to Compulsive Cocaine Self-Administration","volume":"36","author":"Belin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-9-38","article-title":"Differential Sensitivity to the Acute and Sensitizing Behavioral Effects of Methylphenidate as a Function of Strain in Adolescent and Young Adult Rats","volume":"9","author":"Yetnikoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Funct."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.10.019","article-title":"Differential Effects of Methamphetamine and Cocaine on Conditioned Place Preference and Locomotor Activity in Adult and Adolescent Male Rats","volume":"198","author":"Zakharova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3934\/publichealth.2021004","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated with Stress, Anxiety, and Depression among University Undergraduate Students","volume":"8","author":"Mofatteh","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIMS Public Health"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2020.113187","article-title":"Impact of Different Fructose Concentrations on Metabolic and Behavioral Parameters of Male and Female Mice","volume":"228","author":"Barros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104747","article-title":"Chronic Social Stress in Mice Alters Energy Status Including Higher Glucose Need but Lower Brain Utilization","volume":"119","author":"Costabile","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0b013e328357697f","article-title":"Withdrawal from Chronic, Intermittent Access to a Highly Palatable Food Induces Depressive-like Behavior in Compulsive Eating Rats","volume":"23","author":"Iemolo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aucoin, M., Lachance, L., Naidoo, U., Remy, D., Shekdar, T., Sayar, N., Cardozo, V., Rawana, T., Chan, I., and Cooley, K. (2021). Diet and Anxiety: A Scoping Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124418"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e318183f8af","article-title":"Depression Self-Stigma: A New Measure and Preliminary Findings","volume":"196","author":"Kanter","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ITC49","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC201610040","article-title":"Depression","volume":"165","author":"McCarron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.11.039","article-title":"High Fructose Diet Induces Sex-Specific Modifications in Synaptic Respiration and Affective-like Behaviors in Rats","volume":"454","author":"Kloster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109421","article-title":"The Depressogenic Potential of Added Dietary Sugars","volume":"134","author":"Reis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01590-6","article-title":"Role of Dietary Factors in the Prevention and Treatment for Depression: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Prospective Studies","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Q., Liu, H., Suzuki, K., Ma, S., and Liu, C. (2019). Linking What We Eat to Our Mood: A Review of Diet, Dietary Antioxidants, and Depression. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8090376"},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Ara, M.\u00c1., Gili, M., Visser, M., Penninx, B.W.J.H., Brouwer, I.A., Watkins, E., Owens, M., Garc\u00eda-Toro, M., Hegerl, U., and Kohls, E. (2020). Associations of Non-Alcoholic Beverages with Major Depressive Disorder History and Depressive Symptoms Clusters in a Sample of Overweight Adults. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103202"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761321","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.761321","article-title":"Nutrition in Skin Picking Disorder and Trichotillomania","volume":"12","author":"Grant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105292","article-title":"The Relationship between Dietary Fat Intake, Impulsive Choice, and Metabolic Health","volume":"165","author":"Steele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.01.023","article-title":"Dietary Effects on the Determinants of Food Choice: Impulsive Choice, Discrimination, Incentive Motivation, Preference, and Liking in Male Rats","volume":"136","author":"Steele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appetite"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/14\/2940\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:53:15Z","timestamp":1760140395000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/14\/2940"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"references-count":266,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14142940"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14142940","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]}}}