{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T14:29:27Z","timestamp":1793456967670,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ralph and Marian Falk Medical Research Catalyst Award"},{"name":"Kathleen Kelly Award"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) has reached epidemic proportions in developing countries and has become a major global public health problem, affecting mainly 0\u20135-year-old children and young women of childbearing age, especially during pregnancy. Iron deficiency can lead to life-threatening loss of red blood cells, muscle function, and energy production. Therefore, the pathogenic features associated with IDA are weakness and impaired growth, motor, and cognitive performance. IDA affects the well-being of the young generation and the economic advancement of developing countries, such as India. The imbalance between iron intake\/absorption\/storage and iron utilization\/loss culminates into IDA. However, numerous strategic programs aimed to increase iron intake have shown that improvement of iron intake alone has not been sufficient to mitigate IDA. Emerging critical risk factors for IDA include a composition of cultural diets, infections, genetics, inflammatory conditions, metabolic diseases, dysbiosis, and socioeconomic parameters. In this review, we discuss numerous IDA mitigation programs in India and their limitations. The new multifactorial mechanism of IDA pathogenesis opens perspectives for the improvement of mitigation programs and relief of IDA in India and worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T03:34:40Z","timestamp":1658374480000},"page":"2976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":244,"title":["Iron Deficiency Anemia: Efficacy and Limitations of Nutritional and Comprehensive Mitigation Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shashi Bhushan","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanvanth R.","family":"Arnipalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyanka","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Carrau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2449-2591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ouliana","family":"Ziouzenkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2015.07.006","article-title":"Anemia in Clinical Practice-Definition and Classification: Does Hemoglobin Change With Aging?","volume":"52","author":"Cappellini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a-Rosas, J. (2022, April 25). Haemoglobin Concentrations for the Diagnosis of Anaemia and Assessment of Severity. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/85839\/WHO_NMH_NHD_MNM_11.1_eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12258-6","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of anaemia among adolescents in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, India","volume":"12","author":"Chauhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2010.292","article-title":"Automated reticulocyte counting: State of the art and clinical applications in the evaluation of erythropoiesis","volume":"48","author":"Piva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-021-01141-y","article-title":"Cerebrovascular Complications of Anemia","volume":"21","author":"Fonseca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Turner, J., Parsi, M., and Badireddy, M. (2022, April 25). Anemia, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK499994\/."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14092","article-title":"Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"1450","author":"Chaparro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980008002401","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System, 1993\u20132005","volume":"12","author":"McLean","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"164","article-title":"Review on iron and its importance for human health","volume":"19","author":"Abbaspour","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1427552","article-title":"Effect of vitamin A supplementation on iron status in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Arruda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4638","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.4638","article-title":"A guide to diagnosis of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in digestive diseases","volume":"15","author":"Bermejo","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015002050","article-title":"Characterisation of anaemia and associated factors among infants and pre-schoolers from rural India","volume":"19","author":"Nair","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650702800309","article-title":"An analysis of the etiology of anemia and iron deficiency in young women of low socioeconomic status in Bangalore, India","volume":"28","author":"Thankachan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"WHO (2022, April 25). Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/43894."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"77","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Anemia among Adolescents in Denizli, Turkey","volume":"22","author":"Karabulut","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"634","article-title":"Iron content, bioavailability & factors affecting iron status of Indians","volume":"130","author":"Nair","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"NFHS (2022, April 25). National Family Health Survey V. Available online: http:\/\/rchiips.org\/nfhs\/factsheet_NFHS-5.shtml."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1159\/000315528","article-title":"Effect of vitamin A deficiency on iron bioavailability","volume":"57","author":"Mehdad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601320","article-title":"The anemia of vitamin A deficiency: Epidemiology and pathogenesis","volume":"56","author":"Semba","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2008.11.030","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency increases hepcidin expression and oxidative stress in rat","volume":"25","author":"Arruda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De la Cruz-Gongora, V., Salinas-Rodriguez, A., Villalpando, S., and Flores-Aldana, M. (2019). Serum Retinol but Not 25(OH)D Status Is Associated With Serum Hepcidin Levels in Older Mexican Adults. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11050988"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2019.01.002","article-title":"Hepcidin-ferroportin axis in health and disease","volume":"110","author":"Ginzburg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-7802.195212","article-title":"Effects of Iron on Vitamin D Metabolism: A Systematic Review","volume":"7","author":"Vafa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3109\/03630269.2014.913517","article-title":"Interaction of iron deficiency anemia and hemoglobinopathies among college students and pregnant women: A multi center evaluation in India","volume":"38","author":"Mohanty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hemoglobin"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.122523","article-title":"A brief review of risk-factors for growth and developmental delay among preschool children in developing countries","volume":"2","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2013.7","article-title":"Iron deficiency, cognition, mental health and fatigue in women of childbearing age: A systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Greig","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Butensky, E., Harmaz, P., and Lubin, B. (2008). Part V: Nutrional Aspects of Specific Disease Staes, Chapter 62: Nutritional Anemias. Nutrition in Pediatrics, BC Becker. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9192(02)00070-2","article-title":"The economics of iron deficiency","volume":"28","author":"Horton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e548","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30078-0","article-title":"Risk of maternal mortality in women with severe anaemia during pregnancy and post partum: A multilevel analysis","volume":"6","author":"Daru","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"NFHS (2022, April 25). National Family Health Survey III 2005\u20132006. Available online: https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/frind3\/frind3-vol1andvol2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"NFHS (2022, April 25). National Family Health Survey IV 2005\u20132006. Available online: https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR339\/FR339.pdf."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2022, April 25). National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau Report. Available online: https:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/organizations\/national-nutrition-monitoring-bureau-india."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crichton, R.R. (2001). Inorganic Biochemistry of Iron Metabolism: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Consequences, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470845791"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2022, April 25). Nutrition Atlas. Available online: http:\/\/218.248.6.39\/nutritionatlas\/dashbord\/anaemia.php."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-022-02157-7","article-title":"Iron Deficiency in Women\u2019s Health: New Insights into Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"39","author":"Shulman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/21.10.1156","article-title":"Iron metabolism and iron deficiency in India","volume":"21","author":"Venkatachalam","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"125","article-title":"Current issues for the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anemia","volume":"39","author":"Zlotkin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.323.9557","article-title":"Iron deficiency anaemia is still a major killer of pregnant women","volume":"32","author":"Khaskheli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23628","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of cancer-related anemia","volume":"89","author":"Gilreath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01670408","article-title":"Iron indices in chronic kidney disease in the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 1988\u20132004","volume":"4","author":"Fishbane","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2010.533382","article-title":"The prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency in IBD outpatients in Scandinavia","volume":"46","author":"Bager","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60865-0","article-title":"Iron deficiency anaemia","volume":"387","author":"Lopez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"897","article-title":"Screening for iron deficiency anemia\u2014Including iron supplementation for children and pregnant women","volume":"79","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13212","article-title":"Insight into the complex pathophysiology of sickle cell anaemia and possible treatment","volume":"102","author":"Piccin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4137\/NMI.S5048","article-title":"The Role of Nutrition in Sickle Cell Disease","volume":"3","author":"Hyacinth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Insights"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.5455\/msm.2012.24.81-83","article-title":"Importance of sideropenic anemia in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract tumors","volume":"24","author":"Sahovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Sociomed."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajg.2016.05.004","article-title":"Evaluation of iron deficiency anaemia for gastrointestinal causes in patients without GI symptoms in high prevalent GI malignancy zones","volume":"17","author":"Kadla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arab. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_3_20","article-title":"Study to evaluate the etiology of iron deficiency anemia at a teaching hospital in northeastern part of India","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/gou025","article-title":"Small bowel bleeding: A comprehensive review","volume":"2","author":"Gunjan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"e17169","article-title":"The Effect of Different Timings of Delayed Cord Clamping of Term Infants on Maternal and Newborn Outcomes in Normal Vaginal Deliveries","volume":"13","author":"Katariya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12073","article-title":"Anemia in celiac disease is multifactorial in etiology: A prospective study from India","volume":"2","author":"Berry","year":"2018","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"155","article-title":"Effect of anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy on outcome of iron-deficiency anemia: A randomized, controlled study","volume":"24","author":"Valiyaveettil","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/10408690091189194","article-title":"Effect of tea and other dietary factors on iron absorption","volume":"40","author":"Zijp","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-0762.127851","article-title":"Eating everything except food (PICA): A rare case report and review","volume":"4","author":"Advani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Prev. Community Dent."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.53.2743","article-title":"Iron-deficiency anemia caused by a proton pump inhibitor","volume":"53","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-011-1589-y","article-title":"Association between proton pump inhibitor use and anemia: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"56","author":"Sarzynski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanuri, G., Sawhney, R., Varghese, J., Britto, M., and Shet, A. (2016). Iron Deficiency Anemia Coexists with Cancer Related Anemia and Adversely Impacts Quality of Life. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163817"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.1995.tb01818.x","article-title":"Hereditary anaemias and iron deficiency in a tribal population (the Baiga) of central India","volume":"55","author":"Reddy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802224","article-title":"Greater prevalence of iron deficiency in overweight and obese children and adolescents","volume":"27","author":"Newfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agustina, R., Nadiya, K., Andini, E.A., Setianingsih, A.A., Sadariskar, A.A., Prafiantini, E., Wirawan, F., Karyadi, E., and Raut, M.K. (2020). Associations of meal patterning, dietary quality and diversity with anemia and overweight-obesity among Indonesian school-going adolescent girls in West Java. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231519"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"360","article-title":"Anemia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Neglected Issue in Comprehensive Inflammatory Bowel Disease Management","volume":"53","author":"Adiwinata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Med. Indones."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-019-00976-1","article-title":"Diet and inflammatory bowel disease: The Asian Working Group guidelines","volume":"38","author":"Sood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2020.1742317","article-title":"Expression of iron transport protein Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) increases in response to maternal iron deficiency anemia in near term to term placenta","volume":"35","author":"Sujatha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Odermatt, D.C., Lee, W.T.C., Wild, S., Jozwiakowski, S.K., Rothenberg, E., and Gari, K. (2020). Cancer-associated mutations in the iron-sulfur domain of FANCJ affect G-quadruplex metabolism. PLoS Genet., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1008740"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2013.05.006","article-title":"Molecular and clinical heterogeneity in pyruvate kinase deficiency in India","volume":"51","author":"Warang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2018.03.003","article-title":"Monogenic diseases in India","volume":"776","author":"Venugopal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"75","article-title":"Sickle cell disease and dental treatment","volume":"54","author":"Piccin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ir. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2009.06.002","article-title":"Pathogenesis and management of iron deficiency anemia: Emerging role of celiac disease, helicobacter pylori, and autoimmune gastritis","volume":"46","author":"Hershko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.09.001","article-title":"The complex interplay of iron metabolism, reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen species: Insights into the potential of various iron therapies to induce oxidative and nitrosative stress","volume":"65","author":"Weiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2016.02.011","article-title":"Vegetarianism and cardiometabolic disease risk factors: Differences between South Asian and US adults","volume":"32","author":"Jaacks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.7.6.619","article-title":"Gastric acid secretion in Indians with particular reference to the ratio of basal to maximal acid output","volume":"7","author":"Goyal","year":"1966","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2007.00131.x","article-title":"Dietary aspects of pregnant women in rural areas of Northern India","volume":"4","author":"Gautam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Matern. Child Nutr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaveri, A., Paul, P., Saha, J., Barman, B., and Chouhan, P. (2020). Maternal determinants of low birth weight among Indian children: Evidence from the National Family Health Survey-4, 2015\u20132016. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244562"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.IJCM_77_20","article-title":"Analyzing the Changes in Certain Infectious and Parasitic Diseases in Urban Population of India By Using Medical Certification of Cause of Death Data","volume":"46","author":"Gulati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Community Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197405302902201","article-title":"A clinical evaluation of serum ferritin as an index of iron stores","volume":"290","author":"Lipschitz","year":"1974","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra041809","article-title":"Anemia of chronic disease","volume":"352","author":"Weiss","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"245","article-title":"The significance of ferritin in cancer: Anti-oxidation, inflammation and tumorigenesis","volume":"1836","author":"Alkhateeb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1039\/C3MT00347G","article-title":"Serum ferritin is an important inflammatory disease marker, as it is mainly a leakage product from damaged cells","volume":"6","author":"Kell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2017.03.002","article-title":"Toxicity of iron overload and iron overload reduction in the setting of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for hematologic malignancies","volume":"113","author":"Leitch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2016.09.004","article-title":"Iron Deficiency Anemia","volume":"101","author":"DeLoughery","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.178582","article-title":"Sickle cell disease in India: A perspective","volume":"143","author":"Serjeant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-019-02887-1","article-title":"Diagnosing sickle cell disease and iron deficiency anemia in human blood by Raman spectroscopy","volume":"35","author":"Silveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2015.07.003","article-title":"Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy","volume":"52","author":"Breymann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.5455\/aim.2019.27.78-84","article-title":"Differential Diagnosis of Iron-Deficiency Anemia from beta-Thalassemia Trait Using an Intelligent Model in Comparison with Discriminant Indexes","volume":"27","author":"Kabootarizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Inform. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000772","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy","volume":"34","author":"Igbinosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoenemann, C., Ostendorf, N., Zarbock, A., Doll, D., Hagemann, O., Zimmermann, M., and Luedi, M. (2021). Reticulocyte and Erythrocyte Hemoglobin Parameters for Iron Deficiency and Anemia Diagnostics in Patient Blood Management. A Narrative Review. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10184250"},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"ICMR (2022, May 03). Nutrient Requirements and Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indians: A Report of the Expert Group of the ICMR. Available online: https:\/\/www.enacnetwork.com\/files\/pdf\/ICMR_RDA_BOOK_2010.pdf."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"WHO (2022, April 09). Global Nutrition Targets 2025: Anaemia Policy Brief. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/nutrition\/topics\/globaltargets_anaemia_policybrief.pdf."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"WHO (2022, April 05). Guidelines and Recommendations on Micronutrients: Policy, Practice and Service Delivery Issues. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/160764."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"NIHFW (2022, March 29). National Health Programme. Available online: http:\/\/www.nihfw.org\/."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"11","article-title":"A study of acceptors and non-acceptors of family planning methods among three tribal communities","volume":"75","author":"Mutharayappa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Man India"},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"MoHFW (2013). Adolescent Division, GoI. Guidelines for Control of Iron Deficiency Anemia: National Iron + Initiative, MoHFW."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"8","article-title":"Nutritional anemia in young children with focus on Asia and India","volume":"36","author":"Kotecha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Community Med. Off. Publ. Indian Assoc. Prev. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644559","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2021.644559","article-title":"Lessons From the Aftermaths of Green Revolution on Food System and Health","volume":"5","author":"John","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Food Syst."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1177\/0379572118783492","article-title":"Impact of Historical Changes in Coarse Cereals Consumption in India on Micronutrient Intake and Anemia Prevalence","volume":"39","author":"DeFries","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhatnagar, R.S., and Padilla-Zakour, O.I. (2021). Plant-Based Dietary Practices and Socioeconomic Factors That Influence Anemia in India. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103538"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725529","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.725529","article-title":"Millets Can Have a Major Impact on Improving Iron Status, Hemoglobin Level, and in Reducing Iron Deficiency Anemia\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Anitha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"(2022, May 03). National Nutrition Policy. New Delhi. Available online: http:\/\/wcd.nic.in\/sites\/default\/files\/nnp_0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India (2022, May 03). National Plan of Action on Nutrition. New Delhi, Available online: http:\/\/14.139.60.153\/bitstream\/123456789\/50\/1\/NATIONAL%20PLAN%20OF%20ACTION%20ON%20NUTRITION.pdf."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"ICDS (2022, May 03). Integrated Child Development Services. Available online: http:\/\/wcd.nic.in\/icds.htm."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"MDMS (2022, May 03). Mid Day Meal Scheme. Available online: http:\/\/mdm.nic.in\/mdm_website\/."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"(2022, May 03). Global Hunger Index. Available online: https:\/\/www.globalhungerindex.org\/india.html."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"WHO India (2022, May 03). Section 6. Available online: http:\/\/www.whoindia.org\/en\/Section6\/Section324_1467.htm."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"(2022, May 03). 12by12 Initiative IIS. Available online: http:\/\/www.12by12initiative.com\/iis.asp."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8598.107355","article-title":"Unrelenting burden of anaemia in India: Highlighting possible prevention strategies","volume":"2","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"WCD (2022, May 03). Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Girls Empowerment of Adolescent (RGSEAG)-SABALA-the Scheme. Available online: http:\/\/wcd.nic.in\/schemes\/SABLAscheme.pdf."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"SAG (2022, May 03). RRS. Available online: https:\/\/www.sag-rrs.nic.in\/."},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"NIS (2022, May 03). Nischay. Available online: http:\/\/nischay2007.tripod.com\/id2.html."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1782_18","article-title":"National Iron Plus Initiative: Current status & future strategy","volume":"150","author":"Kapil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"National Iron Plus Initiative (2022, May 03). New Delhi: MoHFW, Available online: https:\/\/www.nhp.gov.in\/national-iron-plus-initiative-for-anemia-control_pg."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"137","article-title":"Assessment of \u2018accredited social health activists\u2019\u2014A national community health volunteer scheme in Karnataka State, India","volume":"33","author":"Fathima","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"(2022, May 03). Anemia. Mukt Bharat 6x6x6. Available online: https:\/\/anemiamuktbharat.info\/home\/6x6x6-strategy\/."},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"MI (2022, May 03). AnnualReport07-EN Nutrition International User_Files. Available online: https:\/\/www.nutritionintl.org."},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"Naandi Foundation (2022, May 03). Available online: https:\/\/www.naandi.org\/."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-3-2","article-title":"Iron supplements: The quick fix with long-term consequences","volume":"3","author":"Fisher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.07.084","article-title":"Storage conditions and packaging greatly affects the stability of fortified wheat flour: Influence on vitamin A, iron, zinc, and oxidation","volume":"240","author":"Hemery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S108","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265090301S107","article-title":"A review of interventions based on dietary diversification or modification strategies with the potential to enhance intakes of total and absorbable zinc","volume":"30","author":"Gibson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2006489","article-title":"Improving the bioavailability of nutrients in plant foods at the household level","volume":"65","author":"Gibson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"277","article-title":"Food-Based Interventions to Modify Diet Quality and Diversity to Address Multiple Micronutrient Deficiency","volume":"3","author":"Nair","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"373","article-title":"Food & nutrition security: Challenges in the new millennium","volume":"138","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17834-9","article-title":"Hunger in Africa: The link between unhealthy people and unhealthy soils","volume":"365","author":"Sanchez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.001","article-title":"Impact of nutritional status and anemia on COVID-19: Is it a public health concern? Evidence from National Family Health Survey-4 (2015\u20132016), India","volume":"185","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-020-00679-4","article-title":"Anemia in patients with COVID-19: Pathogenesis and clinical significance","volume":"21","author":"Bergamaschi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2020.102926","article-title":"Anemia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection","volume":"59","author":"Hariyanto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transfus. Apher. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, S.W., Wang, Z.F., Guan, S.H., Yang, K., Wang, Q., Chen, L.W., Zhang, H., Wang, X., Duan, Y.L., and Pan, Z.L. (2019). Alterations in the Iron Homeostasis Network of Hepatocytes Caused by Hepatitis B Virus. Clin. Lab., 65.","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2018.180914"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2009.06.001","article-title":"Iron sequestration and anemia of inflammation","volume":"46","author":"Ganz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-020-00140-w","article-title":"Depriving Iron Supply to the Virus Represents a Promising Adjuvant Therapeutic Against Viral Survival","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"WHO (2022, May 03). Iron Deficiency Anemia: Assessment, 405 Prevention and Control\u2014A Guide for Programme Managers. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/iron-children-6to23--archived-iron-deficiency-anaemia-assessment-prevention-and-control."},{"key":"ref_129","unstructured":"(2022, May 03). Strategies to Prevent IDA. Recommendation from Expert Group Consultation. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/312109."},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"Thompson, B. (2022, April 29). Food Based Approaches for Combating Iron Deficiency. Available online: ftp:\/\/ftp.fao.org\/ag\/agn\/nutrition\/Kapitel_21_210207.pdf."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/14\/2976\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:54:57Z","timestamp":1760140497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/14\/2976"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14142976"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14142976","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]]}}}