{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T02:56:56Z","timestamp":1781060216614,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Retrospective studies showed a relationship between vitamin D status and COVID-19 severity and mortality, with an inverse relation between SARS-CoV-2 positivity and circulating calcifediol levels. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the length of hospital stay and clinical improvement in patients with vitamin D deficiency hospitalized with COVID-19. The study was randomized, double blind and placebo controlled. A total of 50 subjects were enrolled and received, in addition to the best available COVID therapy, either vitamin D (25,000 IU per day over 4 consecutive days, followed by 25,000 IU per week up to 6 weeks) or placebo. The length of hospital stay decreased significantly in the vitamin D group compared to the placebo group (4 days vs. 8 days; p = 0.003). At Day 7, a significantly lower percentage of patients were still hospitalized in the vitamin D group compared to the placebo group (19% vs. 54%; p = 0.0161), and none of the patients treated with vitamin D were hospitalized after 21 days compared to 14% of the patients treated with placebo. Vitamin D significantly reduced the duration of supplemental oxygen among the patients who needed it (4 days vs. 7 days in the placebo group; p = 0.012) and significantly improved the clinical recovery of the patients, as assessed by the WHO scale (p = 0.0048). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the clinical outcome of COVID-19 patients requiring hospitalization was improved by administration of vitamin D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:17:27Z","timestamp":1658794647000},"page":"3048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Positive Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4393-2636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"De Niet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department, Laboratoires SMB SA, 1080 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micka\u00ebl","family":"Tr\u00e9m\u00e8ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department, Laboratoires SMB SA, 1080 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monte","family":"Coffiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department, Laboratoires SMB SA, 1080 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4157-6570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Francoise","family":"Rousseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, University of Li\u00e8ge, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doriane","family":"Calmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pneumology and Allergology, University of Li\u00e8ge, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Noelle","family":"Frix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pneumology and Allergology, University of Li\u00e8ge, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanny","family":"Gester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pneumology and Allergology, University of Li\u00e8ge, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muriel","family":"Delvaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pneumology and Allergology, University of Li\u00e8ge, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Francoise","family":"Dive","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pneumology and Allergology, University of Li\u00e8ge, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elora","family":"Guglielmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pneumology and Allergology, University of Li\u00e8ge, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique","family":"Henket","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pneumology and Allergology, University of Li\u00e8ge, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Staderoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pneumology and Allergology, University of Li\u00e8ge, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Maesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hospital Pharmacy, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renaud","family":"Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pneumology and Allergology, University of Li\u00e8ge, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7800-1730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julien","family":"Guiot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pneumology and Allergology, University of Li\u00e8ge, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0947-2226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Etienne","family":"Cavalier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Li\u00e8ge, CIRM, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2010.12.006","article-title":"Vitamin D and the anti-viral state","volume":"50","author":"Beard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4240","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7064240","article-title":"Modulation of the immune response to respiratory viruses by vitamin D","volume":"7","author":"Greiller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1039\/c6pp00355a","article-title":"The role of UV radiation and vitamin D in the seasonality and outcomes of infectious disease","volume":"16","author":"Coussens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2017.04.004","article-title":"Vitamin D Status and the Host Resistance to Infections: What It Is Currently (Not) Understood","volume":"39","author":"Lang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruber-Bzura, B.M. (2018). Vitamin D and Influenza-Prevention or Therapy?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082419"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5813095","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5813095","article-title":"Self-Care for Common Colds: The Pivotal Role of Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Zinc, and Echinacea in Three Main Immune Interactive Clusters (Physical Barriers, Innate and Adaptive Immunity) Involved during an Episode of Common Colds-Practical Advice on Dosages and on the Time to Take These Nutrients\/Botanicals in order to Prevent or Treat Common Colds","volume":"2018","author":"Rondanelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. ECAM"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gombart, A.F., Pierre, A., and Maggini, S. (2020). A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System-Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010236"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00051-6","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Jolliffe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665111001650","article-title":"Vitamin D and immune function: An overview","volume":"71","author":"Hewison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8251","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7105392","article-title":"Mechanisms Underlying the Regulation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity by Vitamin D","volume":"7","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"4048","article-title":"Editorial\u2014Vitamin D status: A key modulator of innate immunity and natural defense from acute viral respiratory infections","volume":"24","author":"Fabbri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2159","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2159","article-title":"Vitamin D and COVID-19: From potential therapeutic effects to unanswered questions","volume":"31","author":"Marashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.043919-0","article-title":"Replication-dependent downregulation of cellular angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protein expression by human coronavirus NL63","volume":"93","author":"Dijkman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2012.11.017","article-title":"Vitamin D in the prevention of acute respiratory infection: Systematic review of clinical studies","volume":"136","author":"Jolliffe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"7090","article-title":"Respiratory epithelial cells convert inactive vitamin D to its active form: Potential effects on host defense","volume":"181","author":"Hansdottir","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Baltim. Md. 1950"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit355","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D on innate and adaptive immune responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"208","author":"Olliver","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2019.00014","article-title":"Antimicrobial and Immune-Modulatory Effects of Vitamin D Provide Promising Antibiotics-Independent Approaches to Tackle Bacterial Infections\u2014Lessons Learnt from a Literature Survey","volume":"9","author":"Golpour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31829eb7af","article-title":"Association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and sepsis in the critically ill","volume":"42","author":"Moromizato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000074","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2014-000074","article-title":"Association between prehospital vitamin D status and incident acute respiratory failure in critically ill patients: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Thickett","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607112444449","article-title":"Relationship of vitamin D deficiency to clinical outcomes in critically ill patients","volume":"36","author":"Higgins","year":"2012","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2713-y","article-title":"Significant perturbation of vitamin D-parathyroid-calcium axis and adverse clinical outcomes in critically ill patients","volume":"39","author":"Nair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31822d74f3","article-title":"Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at critical care initiation is associated with increased mortality","volume":"40","author":"Braun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607113511991","article-title":"Association between prehospital vitamin D status and hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infections","volume":"39","author":"Quraishi","year":"2015","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/2110-5820-4-5","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and risk of acute lung injury in severe sepsis and severe trauma: A case-control study","volume":"4","author":"Barnett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.13204","article-title":"Effect of high-dose vitamin D3 on hospital length of stay in critically ill patients with vitamin D deficiency: The VITdAL-ICU randomized clinical trial","volume":"312","author":"Amrein","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3059","article-title":"The association of vitamin D status with pediatric critical illness","volume":"130","author":"McNally","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kempker, J.A., West, K.G., Kempker, R.R., Siwamogsatham, O., Alvarez, J.A., Tangpricha, V., Ziegler, T.R., and Martin, G.S. (2015). Vitamin D status and the risk for hospital-acquired infections in critically ill adults: A prospective cohort study. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122136"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaufman, H.W., Niles, J.K., Kroll, M.H., Bi, C., and Holick, M.F. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates associated with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239252"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2021.01.001","article-title":"Vitamin D Status Is Associated With In-Hospital Mortality and Mechanical Ventilation: A Cohort of COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients","volume":"96","author":"Angelidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019722","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19722","article-title":"Association of Vitamin D Status and Other Clinical Characteristics With COVID-19 Test Results","volume":"3","author":"Meltzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"59","article-title":"High Dose Vitamin D Administration in Ventilated Intensive Care Unit Patients: A Pilot Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"4","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2020.105751","article-title":"Effect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy versus best available therapy on intensive care unit admission and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: A pilot randomized clinical study","volume":"203","author":"Castillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant, W.B., Lahore, H., McDonnell, S.L., Baggerly, C.A., French, C.B., Aliano, J.L., and Bhattoa, H.P. (2020). Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202003.0235.v2"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327265","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/327265","article-title":"A Randomised, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Study of Vitamin D3 Supplementation with Different Schemes Based on Multiples of 25,000\u2009IU Doses","volume":"2013","author":"Cavalier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5413","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7075227","article-title":"A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel Study to Evaluate the Dose-Response of Three Different Vitamin D Treatment Schemes on the 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Serum Concentration in Patients with Vitamin D Deficiency","volume":"7","author":"Schleck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Niet, S., Coffiner, M., Da Silva, S., Jandrain, B., Souberbielle, J.C., and Cavalier, E. (2018). A Randomized Study to Compare a Monthly to a Daily Administration of Vitamin D3 Supplementation. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060659"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"WHO (2020). Working Group on the Clinical Characterisation and Management of COVID-19 infection. A minimal common outcome measure set for COVID-19 clinical research. Lancet Infect Dis., 20, e192\u2013e197."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2022, May 30). Diagnostic Testing for SARS-CoV-2. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/diagnostic-testing-for-sars-cov-2."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105917","article-title":"Vitamin D Standardization Program (VDSP) intralaboratory study for the assessment of 25-hydroxyvitamin D assay variability and bias","volume":"212","author":"Wise","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavalier, E., Fraser, C.G., Bhattoa, H.P., Heijboer, A.C., Makris, K., Ulmer, C.Z., Vesper, H.W., Vasikaran, S., Lukas, P., and Delanaye, P. (2021). Analytical Performance Specifications for 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Examinations. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020431"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1347","article-title":"Analytical and clinical evaluation of the new Fujirebio Lumipulse\u00aeG non-competitive assay for 25(OH)-vitamin D and three immunoassays for 25(OH)D in healthy subjects, osteoporotic patients, third trimester pregnant women, healthy African subjects, hemodialyzed and intensive care patients","volume":"54","author":"Cavalier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2014.01.026","article-title":"Evaluation of automated immunoassays for 25(OH)-vitamin D determination in different critical populations before and after standardization of the assays","volume":"431","author":"Cavalier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta Int. J. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.26848","article-title":"Effect of a Single High Dose of Vitamin D3 on Hospital Length of Stay in Patients With Moderate to Severe COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"325","author":"Murai","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cannata-And\u00eda, J.B., D\u00edaz-Sottolano, A., Fern\u00e1ndez, P., Palomo-Antequera, C., Herrero-Puente, P., Mouzo, R., Carrillo-L\u00f3pez, N., Panizo, S., Iba\u00f1ez, G.H., and Cusumano, C.A. (2022). A single-oral bolus of 100,000 IU of cholecalciferol at hospital admission did not improve outcomes in the COVID-19 disease: The COVID-VIT-D-a randomised multicentre international clinical trial. BMC Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02290-8"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80511-x","article-title":"Seasonal variability of the vitamin D effect on physical fitness in adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Milani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7000","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8000","article-title":"Widespread seasonal gene expression reveals annual differences in human immunity and physiology","volume":"6","author":"Dopico","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/15\/3048\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:56:24Z","timestamp":1760140584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/15\/3048"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14153048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14153048","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]}}}