{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T10:47:23Z","timestamp":1787222843487,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of the Environment, Japan"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tobacco smoke exposure is known to lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations. This study evaluated the association between passive smoking and vitamin D deficiency (VDD) in young children using data from the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study (JECS), the largest birth cohort study in Japan. Information on parental smoking status was extracted from a survey of JECS for children aged 1.5 years and data for serum 25(OH)D concentrations were obtained from blood tests in the Sub-Cohort Study of JECS performed at age 2 years. Logistic regression and linear models were fitted to evaluate the association between these variables. Data were analyzed for 4593 children. After adjusting for covariates, smoke exposure was significantly associated with increased incidence of VDD (OR 1.35; 95% CI, 1.14\u20131.59) according to the logistic model. The linear model indicated that passive smoking negatively predicted de-seasonalized serum 25(OH)D concentrations (\u03b2 \u22120.5; 95% CI \u22120.95 to \u22120.08) in children aged 2 years. The results suggest that smoke exposure is a risk factor for VDD in children. Given that VD plays a crucial role in bone metabolism and the immune system, our findings are significant for clinical and public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T04:04:00Z","timestamp":1659326640000},"page":"3121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Smoking Exposure Is Associated with Serum Vitamin D Deficiency in Children: Evidence from the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3936-6371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Limin","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"},{"name":"Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miori","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"},{"name":"Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayako","family":"Saito-Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"},{"name":"Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumiko","family":"Miyaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"},{"name":"Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chikako","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"},{"name":"Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1248-2807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minaho","family":"Nishizato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"},{"name":"Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natsuhiko","family":"Kumasaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"},{"name":"Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5151-164X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hidetoshi","family":"Mezawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"},{"name":"Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1288-9620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiwako","family":"Yamamoto-Hanada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"},{"name":"Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1560-3942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukihiro","family":"Ohya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan"},{"name":"Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, 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