{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:19:40Z","timestamp":1784765980178,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31571178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31571178"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31771578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31771578"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["92068206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92068206"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81800423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81800423"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2019B020234003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B020234003"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2020B121201004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B121201004"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Key Research and Development Plan","award":["31571178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31571178"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Key Research and Development Plan","award":["31771578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31771578"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Key Research and Development Plan","award":["92068206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92068206"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Key Research and Development Plan","award":["81800423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81800423"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Key Research and Development Plan","award":["2019B020234003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B020234003"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Key Research and Development Plan","award":["2020B121201004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B121201004"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Cancer","award":["31571178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31571178"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Cancer","award":["31771578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31771578"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Cancer","award":["92068206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92068206"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Cancer","award":["81800423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81800423"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Cancer","award":["2019B020234003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B020234003"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Cancer","award":["2020B121201004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B121201004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) activity deficiency contributes to salt-sensitive hypertension in humans and mice. However, the role of ileal microbiota in salt sensitivity in ANP deficiency-related cardiac injury has not been investigated yet. This study used ANP\u2212\/\u2212 mice to analyze the role of the salt-sensitive ileal microbiome on cardiac injury. ANP\u2212\/\u2212 mice showed an increase in blood pressure (BP), the heart weight\/body weight (HW\/BW) ratio, and cardiac hypertrophy compared with wild-type (WT) mice. ANP deficiency did not impact the histological structure but reduced occludin expression in the ileum. Antibiotics significantly relieved BP and cardiac hypertrophy in ANP\u2212\/\u2212 mice. A high-salt diet (HSD) increased BP, the HW\/BW ratio, and cardiac hypertrophy\/fibrosis in WT and ANP\u2212\/\u2212 mice, and an HSD treatment in ANP\u2212\/\u2212 mice exacerbated these cardiac parameters. The HSD markedly decreased muscularis layer thickening, villus length, and numbers of Paneth and goblet cells in the ileum of WT and ANP\u2212\/\u2212 mice. Furthermore, the HSD increased the level of TLR4 and IL-1\u03b2 in ANP\u2212\/\u2212 mice ileum compared with WT mice. Antibiotics reduced the HW\/BW ratio, cardiac hypertrophy\/fibrosis, and the level of TLR4 and IL-1\u03b2 in the ileum, and rescued the muscularis layer thickening, villus length, and numbers of Paneth and goblet cells in the ileum of HSD-ANP\u2212\/\u2212 mice. Importantly, ANP deficiency induced the colonization of Burkholderiales bacterium YL45, Lactobacillus johnsonii, and Lactobacillus reuteri in the ileum on the NSD diet, which was only observed in HSD-induced WT mice but not in WT mice on the NSD. Besides, the HSD significantly enhanced the sum of the percentage of the colonization of Burkholderiales bacterium YL45, Lactobacillus johnsonii, and Lactobacillus reuteri in the ileum of ANP\u2212\/\u2212 mice. Ileal microbiota transfer (IMT) from ANP\u2212\/\u2212 mice to healthy C57BL\/6J mice drove Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lactobacillus reuteri colonization in the ileum, which manifested an increase in BP, the HW\/BW ratio, cardiac hypertrophy, and ileal pathology compared with IMT from WT mice. The HSD in C57BL\/6J mice with IMT from ANP\u2212\/\u2212 mice drove the colonization of Burkholderiales bacterium YL45, Lactobacillus johnsonii, and Lactobacillus reuteri in the ileum and further exacerbated the cardiac and ileal pathology. Our results suggest that salt-sensitive ileal microbiota is probably related to ANP deficiency-induced cardiac injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T04:04:00Z","timestamp":1659326640000},"page":"3129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Salt-Sensitive Ileal Microbiota Plays a Role in Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Deficiency-Induced Cardiac Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Siqi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sishuo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, 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