{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T09:08:19Z","timestamp":1778663299173,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]],"date-time":"2022-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the last 20 years, gut microbiota in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) has become an object of interest. It was shown that these patients had gut dysbiosis and this could explain not only the intestinal manifestations of the disease but also part of those involving the respiratory tract. The acquisition of previously unknown information about the importance of some bacteria, i.e., those partially or totally disappeared in the gut of CF patients, in the regulation of the activity and function of the gut and the lung was the base to suggest the use of probiotics in CF patients. The main aim of this paper is to discuss the biological basis for probiotic administration to CF patients and which results could be expected. Literature analysis showed that CF intestinal dysbiosis depends on the same genetic mutations that condition the clinical picture of the diseases and is aggravated by a series of therapeutic interventions, such as dietary modifications, the use of antibiotics, and the administration of antacids. All this translates into a significant worsening of the structure and function of organs, including the lung and intestine, already deeply penalized by the genetic alterations of CF. Probiotics can intervene on dysbiosis, reducing the negative effects derived from it. However, the available data cannot be considered sufficient to indicate that these bacteria are essential elements of CF therapy. Further studies that take into account the still unsolved aspects on how to use probiotics are absolutely necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T04:04:00Z","timestamp":1659326640000},"page":"3160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Probiotics Administration in Cystic Fibrosis: What Is the Evidence?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Susanna","family":"Esposito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Testa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Foundation Trust, London WC1N 1LE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Mariotti Zani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Cunico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Torelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1341-761X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Grandinetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Fainardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Foundation Trust, London WC1N 1LE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Pisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Foundation Trust, London WC1N 1LE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3468-5568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Principi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.02.049","article-title":"Associations between Gut Microbial Colonization in Early Life and Respiratory Outcomes in Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"167","author":"Hoen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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