{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:23:51Z","timestamp":1787502231146,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Access Business Group International, LLC"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate have been used as nutritional supplementation for joint tissues and osteoarthritis (OA). Biofermented glucosamine is of great interest in the supplement industry as an alternative source of glucosamine. The purpose of this study is to compare the pharmacokinetics of chitosan-derived glucosamine and biofermentation-derived glucosamine as nutritional supplementation. In a randomized, double-blind and cross-over study design, we recruited subjects of healthy men and women. The pharmacokinetics of glucosamine were examined after a single dose of glucosamine sulfate 2KCl (1500 mg) with two different sources of glucosamine (chitosan-derived glucosamine and biofermentation-derived glucosamine) to male and female subjects fitted with intravenous (iv) catheters for repeated blood sampling up to 8 h. According to plasma concentration\u2013time curve of glucosamine after an oral administration of 1500 mg of glucosamine sulfate 2KCl, AUC0\u20138h and AUC0\u2013\u221e values of glucosamine following oral administration of chitosan-derived and biofermentation-derived glucosamine formulations were within the bioequivalence criteria (90% CI of ratios are within 0.8\u20131.25). The mean Cmax ratios for these two formulations (90% CI of 0.892\u20131.342) did not meet bioequivalence criteria due to high within-subject variability. There were no statistically significant effects of sequence, period, origin of glucosamine on pharmacokinetic parameters of glucosamine such as AUC0\u20138h, AUC0\u2013\u221e, Cmax. Our findings suggest that biofermentation-derived glucosamine could be a sustainable source of raw materials for glucosamine supplement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T22:33:11Z","timestamp":1659997991000},"page":"3213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Chitosan-Derived and Biofermentation-Derived Glucosamine in Nutritional Supplement for Bone Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9906-5212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hee Eun","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-745, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-745, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun-ji","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 306-791, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8867-3431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jina","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Access Business Group International, LLC, 5600 Beach Blvd., Buena Park, CA 90621, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Rajgopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Access Business Group International, LLC, 5600 Beach Blvd., Buena Park, CA 90621, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Access Business Group International, LLC, 5600 Beach Blvd., Buena Park, CA 90621, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary A.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Access Business Group International, LLC, 5600 Beach Blvd., Buena Park, CA 90621, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Access Business Group International, LLC, 5600 Beach Blvd., Buena Park, CA 90621, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1911-4652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunmi","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 306-791, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198905183202006","article-title":"The Biology of Osteoarthritis","volume":"320","author":"Hamerman","year":"1989","journal-title":"N. 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