{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T16:09:11Z","timestamp":1775578151681,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,7]],"date-time":"2022-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hoansha Foundation 2014","award":["23700909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23700909"]}]},{"name":"Hoansha Foundation 2014","award":["18K11123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K11123"]}]},{"name":"Hoansha Foundation 2014","award":["21K19698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K19698"]}]},{"name":"Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.","award":["23700909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23700909"]}]},{"name":"Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.","award":["18K11123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K11123"]}]},{"name":"Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.","award":["21K19698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K19698"]}]},{"name":"JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B)","award":["23700909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23700909"]}]},{"name":"JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B)","award":["18K11123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K11123"]}]},{"name":"JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B)","award":["21K19698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K19698"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)","award":["23700909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23700909"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)","award":["18K11123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K11123"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)","award":["21K19698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K19698"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research","award":["23700909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23700909"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research","award":["18K11123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K11123"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research","award":["21K19698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K19698"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite numerous studies on the health benefits of the rare sugar allulose, its effects on intestinal mucosal morphology and function are unclear. We therefore first determined its acute effects on the small intestinal transcriptome using DNA microarray analysis following intestinal allulose, fructose and glucose perfusion in rats. Expression levels of about 8-fold more genes were altered by allulose compared to fructose and glucose perfusion, suggesting a much greater impact on the intestinal transcriptome. Subsequent pathway analysis indicated that nutrient transport, metabolism, and digestive system development were markedly upregulated, suggesting allulose may acutely stimulate these functions. We then evaluated whether allulose can restore rat small intestinal structure and function when ingested orally following total parenteral nutrition (TPN). We also monitored allulose effects on blood levels of glucagon-like peptides (GLP) 1 and 2 in TPN rats and normal mice. Expression levels of fatty acid binding and gut barrier proteins were reduced by TPN but rescued by allulose ingestion, and paralleled GLP-2 secretion potentially acting as the mechanism mediating the rescue effect. Thus, allulose can potentially enhance disrupted gut mucosal barriers as it can more extensively modulate the intestinal transcriptome relative to glucose and fructose considered risk factors of metabolic disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T22:33:11Z","timestamp":1659997991000},"page":"3230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Comparative Effects of Allulose, Fructose, and Glucose on the Small Intestine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7257-6792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuji","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Education, Art and Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life and Science, Doshisha Women\u2019s College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto 602-0893, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, Art and Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumire","family":"Kadoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, Art and Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takumi","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, Art and Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moeko","family":"Otomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, Art and Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, Art and Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1872-099X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Aoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, Art and Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mai","family":"Kantake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life and Science, Doshisha Women\u2019s College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto 602-0893, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maika","family":"Sugiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life and Science, Doshisha Women\u2019s College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto 602-0893, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronaldo P.","family":"Ferraris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3136\/fstr.12.137","article-title":"Psicose contents in various food products and its origin","volume":"12","author":"Kimura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Sci. 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