{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:58:11Z","timestamp":1760230691369,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 and a low vitamin D state share common risk factors, which might explain why vitamin D deficiency has been linked with higher COVID-19 mortality. Moreover, measures of serum vitamin D may become lower during systemic inflammatory responses, further confounding the association via reverse causality. In this prospective study (recruited over 12 months), we examined whether the association between a low vitamin D state and in-hospital mortality due to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in unvaccinated subjects is explained by (i) the presence of shared risk factors (e.g., obesity, advanced age) or (ii) a reduction in serum 25(OH)D due to COVID-19 (i.e., reverse causality). In this cohort of 232 (mean age = 56 years) patients (all had SARS-CoV-2 diagnosed via PCR AND required supplemental oxygen therapy), we failed to find an association between serum vitamin D and levels of CRP, or other inflammatory markers. However, the hazard ratio for mortality for subjects over 70 years of age (13.2) and for subjects with a serum 25(OH)D level less than 30 nmol\u00b7L\u22121 (4.6) remained significantly elevated even after adjustment for gender, obesity and the presence of diabetes mellitus. Subjects &lt;70 years and &gt;70 years had significantly higher mortality with a serum 25(OH)D less than 30 nmol\u00b7L\u22121 (11.8% and 55%), than with a serum 25(OH)D greater than 30 nmol\u00b7L\u22121 (2.2% and 25%). Unvaccinated Caucasian adults with a low vitamin D state have higher mortality due to SARS CoV-2 pneumonia, which is not explained by confounders and is not closely linked with elevated serum CRP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14163252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T04:20:32Z","timestamp":1660105232000},"page":"3252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Vitamin D Status and Mortality from SARS CoV-2: A Prospective Study of Unvaccinated Caucasian Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3761-5079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Barrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University Dublin, D08 NF82 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Modar","family":"Youssef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Connolly Hospital Dublin, D15 X40D Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irfan","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Connolly Hospital Dublin, D15 X40D Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Ioana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Connolly Hospital Dublin, D15 X40D Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah Al","family":"Lawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Connolly Hospital Dublin, D15 X40D Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Bukhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Connolly Hospital Dublin, D15 X40D Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Hegarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Connolly Hospital Dublin, D15 X40D Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liam J.","family":"Cormican","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Connolly Hospital Dublin, D15 X40D Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eoin","family":"Judge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Connolly Hospital Dublin, D15 X40D Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Conor M.","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Connolly Hospital Dublin, D15 X40D Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catriona","family":"Cody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Connolly Hospital Dublin, D15 X40D Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Feely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Connolly Hospital Dublin, D15 X40D Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrina","family":"Hutchinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eurofins Biomnis, Sandyford, Co. Dublin, D18 A4CO Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Tormey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Connolly Hospital Dublin, D15 X40D Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eoghan O\u2019","family":"Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Connolly Hospital Dublin, D15 X40D Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aoife O\u2019","family":"Shea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University Dublin, D08 NF82 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meabh","family":"Connolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University Dublin, D08 NF82 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel M. A.","family":"McCartney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Health Sciences, Technological University Dublin, D08 NF82 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John L.","family":"Faul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Connolly Hospital Dublin, D15 X40D Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN 77 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-021-02902-w","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency is associated with higher risks for SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity: A retrospective case-control study","volume":"17","author":"Israel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intern. 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