{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T01:51:54Z","timestamp":1793497914735,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"a Research Training Program scholarship from Monash University","award":["[PS3431928]-P05255-4-G5Y1VJE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[PS3431928]-P05255-4-G5Y1VJE"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02bfwt286","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"a fellowship from Duchenne Parent Project NL","award":["[PS3431928]-P05255-4-G5Y1VJE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[PS3431928]-P05255-4-G5Y1VJE"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01rvxw146","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Department of Health Public Health and Chronic Disease Program","award":["[PS3431928]-P05255-4-G5Y1VJE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[PS3431928]-P05255-4-G5Y1VJE"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council Ideas Grant","award":["[PS3431928]-P05255-4-G5Y1VJE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[PS3431928]-P05255-4-G5Y1VJE"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011kf5r70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked neuromuscular disorder. Young people with DMD have high rates of obesity. There is emerging evidence that a higher BMI may negatively affect clinical outcomes in DMD. This study aimed to explore the relationship between obesity and clinical outcomes in DMD. Methods: This was a retrospective clinical audit of young people (two\u201321 years) with DMD. Height and weight were collected to calculate BMI z-scores to classify obesity, overweight and no overweight or obesity (reference category). Cox proportional hazards models determined the impact of obesity at five to nine years on clinical milestones including time to: loss of ambulation, timed function test cut-offs, obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) diagnosis and first fracture. Results: 158 young people with DMD were included; most (89.9%) were steroid-treated. Mean follow-up was 8.7 \u00b1 4.7 years. Obesity prevalence increased from age five (16.7%) to 11 years (50.6%). Boys with obesity at nine years sustained a fracture earlier (hazard ratio, HR: 2.050; 95% CI: 1.038\u20134.046). Boys with obesity at six to nine years were diagnosed with OSA earlier (e.g., obesity nine years HR: 2.883; 95% CI: 1.481\u20135.612). Obesity at eight years was associated with a 10 m walk\/run in 7\u201310 s occurring at an older age (HR: 0.428; 95% CI: 0.207\u20130.887), but did not impact other physical function milestones. Conclusions: Although 50% of boys with DMD developed early obesity, the impact of obesity on physical function remains unclear. Obesity puts boys with DMD at risk of OSA and fractures at a younger age. Early weight management interventions are therefore important.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14163304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T03:33:20Z","timestamp":1660534400000},"page":"3304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The Relationship between Obesity and Clinical Outcomes in Young People with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8566-9341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natassja","family":"Billich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia"},{"name":"Neurology Department, The Royal Children\u2019s Hospital Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia"},{"name":"School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justine","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, The Royal Children\u2019s Hospital Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2519-3289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, The Royal Children\u2019s Hospital Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Truby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia"},{"name":"School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia"},{"name":"Metabolic Medicine, The Royal Children\u2019s Hospital Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique M.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia"},{"name":"Neurology Department, The Royal Children\u2019s Hospital Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Melbourne University, Victoria 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6955-7689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoe E.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia"},{"name":"Neurology Department, The Royal Children\u2019s Hospital Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2015.311","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on the Epidemiology of the Muscular Dystrophies","volume":"43","author":"Mah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. 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