{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T03:49:55Z","timestamp":1780372195337,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences","award":["CB20-63MM-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB20-63MM-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low vitamin D levels among older people represent a significant health problem worldwide. This study aimed to examine the factors associated with vitamin D deficiency in older people (aged \u2265 65) in the Kuwaiti population. A cross-sectional study was conducted in seven primary healthcare centers across Kuwait (November 2020 to June 2021). The participants (n = 237) had their serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations (analyzed using LC-MS) classified as sufficiency 75 nmol\/L (30 ng\/mL) or deficiency &lt; 75 nmol\/L (below 30 ng\/mL). The data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and face-to-face interviews with participants in geriatric clinics. Binomial logistic regression analysis was applied to assess factors associated with vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D deficiency was found to be present in two thirds of the participants (n = 150, 63%), with a higher prevalence of deficiency in participants who did not receive vitamin D supplements, compared to those who did (84% vs. 16%, p = 0.001). The results from the binary logistic regression showed that a low duration of sun exposure (OR = 0.24, 95% C.I. [0.08\u20130.7], p = 0.011), dark skin pigmentation (OR = 4.46, 95% [1.35\u201320.49], p = 0.026), and lower caloric intake (OR = 0.9, 95% C.I. [0.85\u20130.96], p = 0.001) were risk factors for vitamin D deficiency. Furthermore, a significant inverse relationship was found between vitamin D levels and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels (OR = 1.16, 95% C.I. [1.04\u20131.31], p = 0.016). These findings support the recommendation that vitamin D supplementation and adequate sunlight exposure are necessary for raising low vitamin D levels in older people in Kuwait.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14163342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T23:44:03Z","timestamp":1660607043000},"page":"3342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Factors Associated with Low Vitamin D Status among Older Adults in Kuwait"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4609-3623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thurayya","family":"ALbuloshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK"},{"name":"Palliative Care Center, Kuwait, Ministry of Health, Al Sabah Medical Area, P.O. Box 5, Kuwait City 13001, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3791-5998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Kamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University|Kasr El-Aini, Cairo 11562, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy P. E.","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.12974\/2309-6128.2014.02.02.1","article-title":"The Role of Vitamin D in the Aging Adult","volume":"2","author":"Meehan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Aging Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01296","article-title":"Medication-Related Burden and Medication Adherence Among Geriatric Patients in Kuwait: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"11","author":"Awad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. 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