{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T05:16:14Z","timestamp":1792300574901,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D is a critical regulator of calcium and bone homeostasis. While vitamin D has multiple effects on bone and calcium metabolism, the regulation of intestinal calcium (Ca) absorption efficiency is a critical function for vitamin D. This is necessary for optimal bone mineralization during growth, the protection of bone in adults, and the prevention of osteoporosis. Intestinal Ca absorption is regulated by 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2 D), a hormone that activates gene transcription following binding to the intestinal vitamin D receptor (VDR). When dietary Ca intake is low, Ca absorption follows a vitamin-D-regulated, saturable pathway, but when dietary Ca intake is high, Ca absorption is predominately through a paracellular diffusion pathway. Deletion of genes that mediate vitamin D action (i.e., VDR) or production (CYP27B1) eliminates basal Ca absorption and prevents the adaptation of mice to low-Ca diets. Various physiologic or disease states modify vitamin-D-regulated intestinal absorption of Ca (enhanced during late pregnancy, reduced due to menopause and aging).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14163351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T03:15:27Z","timestamp":1660706127000},"page":"3351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["Vitamin D-Mediated Regulation of Intestinal Calcium Absorption"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"James C.","family":"Fleet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78723, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0310122","article-title":"Studies upon the mode of action of vitamin D. III. the influence of vitamin D on the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the rat","volume":"37","author":"Nicolaysen","year":"1937","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"G695","article-title":"Duodenal and ileal calcium absorption in the rat and effects of vitamin D","volume":"244","author":"Pansu","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113283","article-title":"Role of vitamin D-dependent and vitamin D-independent mechanisms in absorption of food calcium","volume":"81","author":"Sheikh","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00790a023","article-title":"Isolation and identification of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. A metabolite of vitamin D active in intestine","volume":"10","author":"Holick","year":"1971","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1126\/science.173.3991.51","article-title":"1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol: Identification of the proposed active form of vitamin D3 in the intestine","volume":"173","author":"Norman","year":"1971","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(73)90509-3","article-title":"Nuclear and cytoplasmic receptors for 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in intestinal mucosa","volume":"51","author":"Brumbaugh","year":"1973","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.3.325","article-title":"The nuclear vitamin D receptor: Biological and molecular regulatory properties revealed","volume":"13","author":"Haussler","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.12.051","article-title":"Intestinal Vitamin D Receptor Is Required for Normal Calcium and Bone Metabolism in Mice","volume":"136","author":"Xue","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102213","article-title":"Genomic Analysis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Action in Mouse Intestine Reveals Compartment and Segment-Specific Gene Regulatory Effects","volume":"298","author":"Aita","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1965.209.5.887","article-title":"Bone metabolism and regulation of the blood calcium level in rats","volume":"209","author":"Bronner","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"32","article-title":"Effect of Ca intake on saturable and nonsaturable components of duodenal Ca transport","volume":"240","author":"Pansu","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110194","article-title":"Jejunal and ileal adaptation to alterations in dietary calcium: Changes in calcium and magnesium absorption and pathogenetic role of parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D","volume":"67","author":"Norman","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107652","article-title":"Effects of dietary calcium restriction and chronic thyroparathyroidectomy on the metabolism of (3H)25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and the active transport of calcium by rat intestine","volume":"53","author":"Favus","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10341","article-title":"Regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase mRNA by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and parathyroid hormone","volume":"88","author":"Zierold","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1032","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00306.2002","article-title":"PTH increases renal 25(OH)D3-1alpha -hydroxylase (CYP1alpha) mRNA but not renal 1,25(OH)2D3 production in adult rats","volume":"284","author":"Armbrecht","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1956.187.2.203","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D and Ca:P ratios on chick gastrointestinal tract","volume":"187","author":"Gershoff","year":"1956","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.080607","article-title":"Vitamin D Metabolites and Calcium Absorption in Severe Vitamin D Deficiency","volume":"23","author":"Need","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"321","article-title":"Some aspects of the intestinal absorption of calcium, with special reference to vitamin D","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Comar","year":"1969","journal-title":"Mineral Metabolism, An Advanced Treatise"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"881","article-title":"Calcium absorption as a function of calcium intake","volume":"85","author":"Heaney","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"130","article-title":"In vivo intestinal absorption of calcium in humans","volume":"16","author":"Sheikh","year":"1990","journal-title":"Miner. Electrolyte Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2013.839905","article-title":"Calcium and vitamin D disparities are related to gender, age, race, household income level, and weight classification but not vegetarian status in the United States: Analysis of the NHANES 2001\u20132008 data set","volume":"32","author":"Wallace","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"G111","article-title":"Effects of trifluoperazine, ouabain, and ethacrynic acid on intestinal calcium","volume":"244","author":"Favus","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"G350","article-title":"Kinetic characteristics of calcium absorption and secretion by rat colon","volume":"240","author":"Favus","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"G189","article-title":"Effect of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin-D3 on Calcium-Absorption in the Colon of Healthy Humans","volume":"247","author":"Grinstead","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01296104","article-title":"The cecum is the site with the highest calcium absorption in rat intestine","volume":"38","author":"Karbach","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3792","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-00258","article-title":"Transgenic Expression of the Vitamin D Receptor Restricted to the Ileum, Cecum, and Colon of Vitamin D Receptor Knockout Mice Rescues Vitamin D Receptor-Dependent Rickets","volume":"158","author":"Dhawan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2019.105574","article-title":"Targeting 1,25(OH)2D-mediated calcium absorption machinery in proximal colon with calcitriol glycosides and glucuronides","volume":"198","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"G207","article-title":"Vitamin D-regulated calcium transport in Caco-2 cells: Unique in vitro model","volume":"260","author":"Giuliano","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02233563","article-title":"Ionic constituents and osmolality of gastric and small-intestinal fluids after eating","volume":"11","author":"Fordtran","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am. J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/77.2.155","article-title":"Absorption of Ca 45 and Sr 85 from solid and liquid food at various levels of the alimentary tract of the rat","volume":"77","author":"Marcus","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Nut."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/125.9.2348","article-title":"Calcium solubility, intestinal sojourn time and paracellular permeability codetermine passive calcium absorption in rats","volume":"125","author":"Duflos","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"813","article-title":"The mechanism of adaptation of intestinal calcium absorption to low dietary calcium","volume":"78","author":"Boyle","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3885","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0314","article-title":"Calcium transporter 1 and epithelial calcium channel messenger ribonucleic acid are differentially regulated by 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the intestine and kidney of mice","volume":"144","author":"Song","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2587","article-title":"Higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in school-age children are inconsistently associated with increased calcium absorption","volume":"94","author":"Abrams","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.046102","article-title":"Supplementation with 1000 IU vitamin D\/d leads to parathyroid hormone suppression, but not increased fractional calcium absorption, in 4-8-y-old children: A double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"97","author":"Abrams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4816","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2728","article-title":"A randomized trial of vitamin D(3) supplementation in children: Dose-response effects on vitamin D metabolites and calcium absorption","volume":"98","author":"Lewis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.3874","article-title":"Treatment of Vitamin D Insufficiency in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"175","author":"Hansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/129.1.9","article-title":"Nutritional aspects of calcium absorption","volume":"129","author":"Bronner","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab048","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D requirements to prevent nutritional rickets in Nigerian children on a low-calcium diet-a multivariable reanalysis","volume":"114","author":"Sempos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2022.106070","article-title":"Nutritional rickets-Vitamin D and beyond","volume":"219","author":"Fischer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.5.878","article-title":"Factors that influence peak bone mass formation: A study of calcium balance and the inheritance of bone mass in adolescent females","volume":"52","author":"Matkovic","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2065","article-title":"Gene-by-Diet Interactions Influence Calcium Absorption and Bone Density in Mice","volume":"29","author":"Replogle","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-012-9648-8","article-title":"Weight in infancy and adult calcium absorption as determinants of bone mineral density in adult men: The hertfordshire cohort study","volume":"91","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2760","article-title":"Novel Genetic Loci Control Calcium Absorption and Femur Bone Mass as Well as Their Response to Low Calcium Intake in Male BXD Recombinant Inbred Mice","volume":"31","author":"Replogle","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-132-5-200003070-00003","article-title":"Low fractional calcium absorption increases the risk for hip fracture in women with low calcium intake. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group","volume":"132","author":"Ensrud","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.62.1.155","article-title":"Chromosomal receptor for a vitamin D metabolite","volume":"62","author":"Haussler","year":"1969","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3701","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1432","article-title":"Calcium absorption, kinetics, bone density, and bone structure in patients with hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets","volume":"96","author":"Tiosano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13324","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.231474698","article-title":"Duodenal calcium absorption in vitamin D receptor-knockout mice: Functional and molecular aspects","volume":"98","author":"Dewerchin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.2.374","article-title":"Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) Knockout Mice Reveal VDR-Independent Regulation of Intestinal Calcium Absorption and ECaC2 and Calbindin D9k mRNA","volume":"133","author":"Song","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45890","article-title":"Normocalcemia is maintained in mice under conditions of calcium malabsorption by vitamin D-induced inhibition of bone mineralization","volume":"122","author":"Lieben","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4982","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.11.7110","article-title":"Rescue of the skeletal phenotype of vitamin D receptor ablated mice in the setting of normal mineral ion homeostasis: Formal histomorphometric and biomechanical analysis","volume":"140","author":"Amling","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.08.023","article-title":"Extra-intestinal calcium handling contributes to normal serum calcium levels when intestinal calcium absorption is suboptimal","volume":"81","author":"Lieben","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1109","article-title":"Intestinal Resistance to 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D in Mice Heterozygous for the Vitamin D Receptor Knockout Allele","volume":"148","author":"Song","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.5.740","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor gene Fok1 polymorphisms predicts calcium absorption and bone mineral density in children","volume":"14","author":"Ames","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.14.3.0435","article-title":"The polymorphic N terminus in human vitamin D receptor isoforms influences trascriptional activity by modulating interaction with transcription factor IIB","volume":"14","author":"Jurutka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"75","article-title":"Relationship between the absorption of dietary calcium and the Fok I polymorphism of VDR gene in young women","volume":"40","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5715","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.15.5715","article-title":"Ion microscopic imaging of calcium transport in the intestinal tissue of vitamin D-deficient and vitamin D-replete chickens: A 44Ca stable isotope study","volume":"87","author":"Chandra","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02484403","article-title":"Ion microscopic imaging of calcium during 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-mediated intestinal absorption","volume":"106","author":"Fullmer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"G561","article-title":"An analysis of intestinal calcium transport across the rat intestine","volume":"250","author":"Bronner","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22739","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.32.22739","article-title":"Molecular cloning and characterization of a channel-like transporter mediated intestinal calcium absorption","volume":"274","author":"Peng","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22344","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M703475200","article-title":"Characterizing early events associated with the activation of target genes by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse kidney and intestine in vivo","volume":"282","author":"Meyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"G618","article-title":"Vitamin D-inducible calcium transport and gene expression in three Caco-2 cell lines","volume":"283","author":"Fleet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18199","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.665794","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Controls a Cohort of Vitamin D Receptor Target Genes in the Proximal Intestine That Is Enriched for Calcium-regulating Components","volume":"290","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2006-0031","article-title":"The human transient receptor potential vanilloid type 6 distal promoter contains multiple vitamin D receptor binding sites that mediate activation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in intestinal cells","volume":"20","author":"Meyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19655","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810761105","article-title":"TRPV6 is not required for 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced intestinal calcium absorption in vivo","volume":"105","author":"Kutuzova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3196","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-1655","article-title":"Active intestinal calcium transport in the absence of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 6 and calbindin-D9k","volume":"149","author":"Benn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G879","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00089.2012","article-title":"Functional TRPV6 channels are crucial for transepithelial Ca2+ absorption","volume":"303","author":"Lameris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1662","article-title":"Villin promoter-mediated transgenic expression of transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 6 (TRPV6) increases intestinal calcium absorption in wild-type and vitamin D receptor knockout mice","volume":"27","author":"Cui","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2011.00395.x","article-title":"Alternative perspective on intestinal calcium absorption: Proposed complementary actions of Ca(v)1.3 and TRPV6","volume":"69","author":"Kellett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2015.08.004","article-title":"Luminal glucose does not enhance active intestinal calcium absorption in mice: Evidence against a role for Ca(v)1.3 as a mediator of calcium uptake during absorption","volume":"35","author":"Fleet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"180","article-title":"Skeletal phenotype of mice with a null mutation in Cav 1.3 L-type calcium channel","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-009-0068-0","article-title":"Transepithelial calcium transport in prolactin-exposed intestine-like Caco-2 monolayer after combinatorial knockdown of TRPV5, TRPV6 and Ca(v)1.3","volume":"60","author":"Nakkrasae","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2019.07.005","article-title":"TRPV6 and Cav1.3 Mediate Distal Small Intestine Calcium Absorption Before Weaning","volume":"8","author":"Beggs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/122.suppl_3.678","article-title":"Molecular aspects of the calbindins","volume":"122","author":"Christakos","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1126\/science.152.3723.791","article-title":"Vitamin D3-induced calcium-binding proteins in chick intestinal mucosa","volume":"252","author":"Wasserman","year":"1966","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-4259-5_41","article-title":"The molecular nature of 1,25-(OH)2-D3-induced calcium-binding protein biosynthesis in the rat","volume":"151","author":"Bronner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"115","article-title":"Theophylline inhibits active Ca transport in rat intestine by inhibiting Ca binding by CaBP","volume":"252","author":"Pansu","year":"1988","journal-title":"Prog. Clin. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C517","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1992.262.2.C517","article-title":"Role of facilitated diffusion of calcium by calbindin in intestinal calcium absorption","volume":"262","author":"Feher","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2006.12.005","article-title":"Calbindin D9k is not required for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated Ca2+ absorption in small intestine","volume":"460","author":"Akhter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1700093","article-title":"The relationship between vitamin D-stimulated calcium transport and intestinal calcium-binding protein in the chicken","volume":"170","author":"Spencer","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90174-W","article-title":"Vitamin-D and mineral deficiencies increase the plasma membrane calcium pump of chicken intestine","volume":"102","author":"Wasserman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.4.1345","article-title":"Vitamin D and adaptation to dietary calcium and phosphate deficiencies increase intestinal plasma membrane calcium pump gene expression","volume":"90","author":"Cai","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11407","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.436659","article-title":"Impaired intestinal calcium absorption in protein 4.1R-deficient mice due to altered expression of plasma membrane calcium ATPase 1b (PMCA1b)","volume":"288","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.09.087","article-title":"Deletion of the intestinal plasma membrane calcium pump, isoform 1, Atp2b1, in mice is associated with decreased bone mineral density and impaired responsiveness to 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"467","author":"Ryan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(85)90121-X","article-title":"Distribution of Ca2+-ATPase, ATP-dependent Ca2+-transport, calmodulin and vitamin D-dependent Ca2+-binding protein along the villus-crypt axis in rat duodenum","volume":"820","author":"Roche","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/122.suppl_3.672","article-title":"Paracellular Calcium Transport Across the Small Intestine","volume":"122","author":"Karbach","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2170\/physiolsci.RP002308","article-title":"1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d(3) rapidly stimulates the solvent drag-induced paracellular calcium transport in the duodenum of female rats","volume":"58","author":"Tudpor","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5424.103","article-title":"Paracellin-1, a renal tight junction protein required for paracellular Mg 2+ resorption","volume":"285","author":"Simon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e07-09-0973","article-title":"Tight junction proteins claudin-2 and-12 are critical for vitamin D-dependent Ca2+ absorption between enterocytes","volume":"19","author":"Fujita","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2111247118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2111247118","article-title":"Claudin-2 and claudin-12 form independent, complementary pores required to maintain calcium homeostasis","volume":"118","author":"Beggs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.6A6944.2006","article-title":"Differential expression and subcellular localization of claudin-7, -8, -12, -13, and -15 along the mouse intestine","volume":"54","author":"Fujita","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-8166(82)90049-0","article-title":"Lysosomal proliferation in rachitic avian intestinal absorptive cells following 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol","volume":"14","author":"Davis","year":"1982","journal-title":"Tissue Cell."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-108-4-1450","article-title":"Early actions of parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on isolated epithelial cells from rat intestine: 1. Limited lysosomal enzyme release and calcium uptake","volume":"108","author":"Nemere","year":"1981","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-122-6-2962","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated vesicular transport of calcium in intestine: Time-course studies","volume":"122","author":"Nemere","year":"1988","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)66684-0","article-title":"1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated intestinal calcium transport. Biochemical identification of lysozomes containing calcium and calcium-binding protein (calbindin-D 28k )","volume":"261","author":"Nemere","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"G818","article-title":"Effects of quinacrine on calcium active transport by rat intestinal epithelium","volume":"257","author":"Favus","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-115-4-1476","article-title":"Calcium transport in perfused duodena from normal chicks: Enhancement within fourteen minutes of exposure to 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"115","author":"Nemere","year":"1984","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12876","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403606101","article-title":"Identification of an alternative ligand-binding pocket in the nuclear vitamin D receptor and its functional importance in 1alpha,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 signaling","volume":"101","author":"Mizwicki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(01)00167-2","article-title":"Molecular tools for study of genomic and rapid signal transduction responses initiated by 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D(3)","volume":"67","author":"Norman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2004-0116","article-title":"The vitamin D receptor is present in caveolae-enriched plasma membranes and binds 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)-vitamin D-3 in vivo and in vitro","volume":"18","author":"Huhtakangas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31859","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.116954","article-title":"Intestinal cell calcium uptake and the targeted knockout of the 1,25D3-MARRS (membrane-associated, rapid response steroid-binding) receptor\/PDIA3\/Erp57","volume":"285","author":"Nemere","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1850","article-title":"Intestinal cell phosphate uptake and the targeted knockout of the 1,25D(3)-MARRS receptor\/PDIA3\/ERp57","volume":"153","author":"Nemere","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2012.04.002","article-title":"Role of the 1,25D(3)-MARRS receptor in the 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-stimulated uptake of calcium and phosphate in intestinal cells","volume":"77","author":"Nemere","year":"2012","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.101616","article-title":"Regulatory domains controlling high intestinal vitamin D receptor gene expression are conserved in mouse and human","volume":"298","author":"Fleet","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(88)90338-4","article-title":"Regulation of the intestinal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor during neonatal development in the rat","volume":"261","author":"Pierce","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/56.6.1037","article-title":"Net calcium absorption in premature infants: Results of 103 metabolic balance studies","volume":"56","author":"Bronner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1460097","article-title":"IGF-I and GH stimulate Phex mRNA expression in lungs and bones and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) production in hypophysectomized rats","volume":"146","author":"Zoidis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.134.4.8137740","article-title":"Growth hormone and parathyroid hormone stimulate intestinal calcium absorption in aged female rats","volume":"134","author":"Fleet","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-6374(97)00094-8","article-title":"Modulation of intestinal vitamin D receptor by ovariectomy, estrogen and growth hormone","volume":"99","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"4657","article-title":"The role of insulin-like growth factor I in age-related changes in calcium homeostasis in men","volume":"85","author":"Fatayerji","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"E118","article-title":"Calciotrophic hormone levels and calcium absorption during pregnancy in rats","volume":"257","author":"Miller","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"E64","article-title":"Calcium-Transport in Small-Intestine During Pregnancy and Lactation","volume":"239","author":"Halloran","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"631","article-title":"Vitamin D-independent intestinal calcium and phosphorus absorption during reproduction","volume":"259","author":"Brommage","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-1010","article-title":"Pregnancy up-regulates intestinal calcium absorption and skeletal mineralization independently of the vitamin D receptor","volume":"151","author":"Fudge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.4.693","article-title":"A longitudinal study of calcium homeostasis during human pregnancy and lactation and after resumption of menses","volume":"67","author":"Ritchie","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-62-1-45","article-title":"Relationship of estrogen and pregnancy to calcium homeostasis in pseudohypoparathyroidism","volume":"62","author":"Breslau","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0940443","article-title":"Role of Prolactin in Vitamin-D Metabolism and Calcium-Absorption During Lactation in the Rat","volume":"94","author":"Robinson","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7302575","article-title":"Stimulation of Intestinal Calcium-Transport and Bone Calcium Mobilization by Prolactin in Vitamin-D-Deficient Rats","volume":"214","author":"Pahuja","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0033","article-title":"Evidence for a role of prolactin in calcium homeostasis: Regulation of intestinal transient receptor potential vanilloid type 6, intestinal calcium absorption, and the 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) 1alpha hydroxylase gene by prolactin","volume":"151","author":"Ajibade","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105302","article-title":"The influence of age on the intestinal absorption of 47Ca in women and its relation to 47Ca absorption in postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"44","author":"Avioli","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(70)91344-9","article-title":"Effect of age on calcium absorption","volume":"2","author":"Bullamore","year":"1970","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"E769","article-title":"Effect of age on intestinal calcium absorption and adaptation to dietary calcium","volume":"236","author":"Armbrecht","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107461","article-title":"Effect of dietary calcium and age on jejunal calcium absorption in humans studied by intestinal perfusion","volume":"52","author":"Ireland","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3843","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.9.6176","article-title":"Intestinal calcium absorption in the aged rat: Evidence of intestinal resistance to 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D","volume":"139","author":"Wood","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"4023","article-title":"Relationship of intestinal calcium absorption to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] levels in young versus elderly women: Evidence for age- related intestinal resistance to 1,25(OH)2D action","volume":"85","author":"Pattanaungkul","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109516","article-title":"Intestinal calcium absorption and serum vitamin D metabolites in normal subjects and osteoporotic patients: Effect of age and dietary calcium","volume":"64","author":"Gallagher","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-59-4-719","article-title":"Role of change in vitamin D metabolism with age in calcium and phosphorus metabolism in normal human subjects","volume":"59","author":"Fujisawa","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601777","article-title":"Relation between calcium absorption and serum calcitriol in normal men: Evidence for age-related intestinal resistance to calcitriol","volume":"58","author":"Scopacasa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650060205","article-title":"Interrelationship among vitamin-D metabolism, true calcium absorption, parathyroid function, and age in women\u2014Evidence of an age-related intestinal resistance to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D action","volume":"6","author":"Eastell","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"176","article-title":"Evidence of an age-related decrease in intestinal responsiveness to vitamin-D\u2014Relationship between serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 and intestinal vitamin-D receptor concentrations in normal women","volume":"75","author":"Ebeling","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(90)90148-P","article-title":"Effect of age on duodenal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 receptors in Wistar rats","volume":"1034","author":"Takamoto","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-126-2-1053","article-title":"Advancing age results in reduction of intestinal and bone 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D receptor","volume":"126","author":"Horst","year":"1990","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"953","article-title":"Menopausal changes in calcium balance performance","volume":"92","author":"Heaney","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.23.3.0465","article-title":"Sex steroids and the construction and conservation of the adult skeleton","volume":"23","author":"Riggs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.7.1197","article-title":"Estrogen regulation of intestinal calcium absorption in the intact and ovariectomized adult rat","volume":"14","author":"Netelenbos","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G78","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00036.2003","article-title":"Regulation of the Epithelial Ca2+ Channels in Small Intestine as Studied by Quantitative mRNA Detection","volume":"285","author":"Hoenderop","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2003.18.10.1725","article-title":"Intestinal calcium transporter genes are upregulated by estrogens and the reproductive cycle through vitamin D receptor-independent mechanisms","volume":"18","author":"Rummens","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-71-5-1288","article-title":"Estrogen preserves a normal intestinal responsiveness to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in oophorectomized women","volume":"71","author":"Gennari","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-6009(08)80062-1","article-title":"In vivo effect of 17 b-estradiol on intestinal calcium absorption in rats","volume":"26","author":"Arjmandi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bone Miner."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.1.6408","article-title":"Estrogen increases 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D receptors expression and bioresponse in the rat duodenal mucosa","volume":"140","author":"Liel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.1.57","article-title":"Evidence for involvement of 17beta-estradiol in intestinal calcium absorption independent of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 level in the Rat","volume":"14","author":"Colin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117049","article-title":"Calcium and protein kinetics in prepubertal boys. Positive effects of testosterone","volume":"93","author":"Mauras","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03272.x","article-title":"Relationship between calcium absorption and plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) in healthy males","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/16\/3351\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:09:15Z","timestamp":1760141355000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/16\/3351"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"references-count":143,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14163351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14163351","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]}}}