{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:29:37Z","timestamp":1791286177592,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the many factors involved in the development of uterine fibroids is vitamin D deficiency. One aspect of this deficiency is decreased serum concentration of calcidiol-25(OH)D, a metabolite of D3 vitamin. The active form of vitamin D3, which arises after numerous enzymatic reactions, is calcitriol-1,25(OH)2D3; this compound is transported to various body tissues. Vitamin D possesses extra-genomic effects due to its influence on various signaling pathways, i.e., through activating tyrosine kinases and by genomic effects via binding to a specific nuclear receptor, vitamin D receptor (VDR). The vitamin D\/VDR complex regulates the expression of genes and is involved in the pathogenesis of fibroids. Numerous studies have shown that vitamin D supplementation reduces fibroid size. It has also been shown that the expression of VDR in myoma tissue is significantly lower than in the uterine muscle tissue at the tumor periphery. However, the expression of VDR in non-myoma uterine muscle has not previously been investigated. Our VDR expression studies were performed immunohistochemically with tissue microarrays (TMA) in three tissue groups: 98 uterine myoma tissues, 98 uterine tissues (tumor margin), and 12 tissues of normal uterine muscle (i.e., without fibroids). A statistical analysis showed significantly lower VDR expression in uterine muscle at the periphery of the fibroid than in healthy uterine muscle. Lower expression of VDR at the periphery of the myoma compared to that in normal uterine muscle may indicate potential for new myomas. This observation and the described reduction in the size of fibroids after vitamin D supplementation supports the hypothesis of causal development of uterine fibroids and may be useful for the prevention of re-development in the event of their excision from the uterus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14163371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]],"date-time":"2022-08-17T22:53:30Z","timestamp":1660776810000},"page":"3371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Immunohistochemical Expression of Vitamin D Receptor in Uterine Fibroids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Markowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Perinatology and Women\u2019s Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2223-0291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Kurzawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology and Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Oncological Pathology, Hospital of Lord\u2019s Transfiguration, Partner of Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wies\u0142awa","family":"Bednarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I Department of Gynecological Oncology and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Grybo\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Mardas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Division of Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0375-9920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Krzy\u017caniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology and Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Oncological Pathology, Hospital of Lord\u2019s Transfiguration, Partner of Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Majewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology and Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Oncological Pathology, Hospital of Lord\u2019s Transfiguration, Partner of Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janina","family":"Markowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Division of Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"Grybo\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, University of Opole, 45-040 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5838-0451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"\u017burawski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14640","article-title":"Epidemiology of uterine fibroids: A systematic review","volume":"124","author":"Stewart","year":"2017","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30338-8","article-title":"The management of uterine leiomyomas","volume":"37","author":"Vilos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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