{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T10:33:19Z","timestamp":1760524399601,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Genistein is an isoflavone naturally present in numerous staple food crops, such as soybeans and chickpeas. This study utilized the Gallus gallus intraamniotic administration procedure to assess genistein administration effects on trace mineral status, brush border membrane (BBM) functionality, intestinal morphology, and intestinal microbiome in vivo. Eggs were divided into five groups with 1 mL injection of the following treatments: no-injection, DI H2O, 5% inulin, and 1.25% and 2.5% genistein (n = 8 per group). Upon hatch, blood, cecum, small intestine, and liver were collected for assessment of hemoglobin, intestinal microflora alterations, intestinal morphometric assessment, and mRNA gene expression of relevant iron and zinc transporter proteins, respectively. This study demonstrated that intraamniotic administration of 2.5% genistein increased villus surface area, number of acidic goblet cells, and hemoglobin. Additionally, genistein exposure downregulated duodenal cytochrome B (DcytB) and upregulated hepcidin expression. Further, genistein exposure positively altered the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota. Our results suggest a physiological role for genistein administration in improving mineral status, favorably altering BBM functionality and development, positively modulating the intestinal microbiome, as well as improving physiological status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14173473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T23:48:58Z","timestamp":1661384938000},"page":"3473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Intraamniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Genistein Alters Mineral Transport, Intestinal Morphology, and Gut Microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1293-413X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacquelyn","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9193-317X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolai","family":"Kolba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Sisser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment & Sustainability, Cornell University, Kennedy Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sondra","family":"Turjeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmel","family":"Even","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7738-1337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omry","family":"Koren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elad","family":"Tako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800313","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201800313","article-title":"Long-Term Genistein Consumption Modifies Gut Microbiota, Improving Glucose Metabolism, Metabolic Endotoxemia, and Cognitive Function in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet","volume":"62","author":"Lopez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.008052","article-title":"Genistein and cancer: Current status, challenges, and future directions","volume":"6","author":"Spagnuolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/68.6.1333S","article-title":"Phytoestrogens: The biochemistry, physiology, and implications for human health of soy isoflavones","volume":"68","author":"Setchell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guadamuro, L., Dohrmann, A.B., Tebbe, C.C., Mayo, B., and Delgado, S. (2017). Bacterial communities and metabolic activity of faecal cultures from equol producer and non-producer menopausal women under treatment with soy isoflavones. BMC Microbiol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-1001-y"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01795-08","article-title":"Isolation of a human intestinal bacterium capable of daidzein and genistein conversion","volume":"75","author":"Matthies","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4505","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO01046G","article-title":"Gut microbiota might be a crucial factor in deciphering the metabolic benefits of perinatal genistein consumption in dams and adult female offspring","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carboni, J., Reed, S., Kolba, N., Eshel, A., Koren, O., and Tako, E. (2020). Alterations in the Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota, and Trace Mineral Status Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Teff (Eragrostis tef) Seed Extracts. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103020"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2017.1306484","article-title":"Advantages and limitations of in vitro and in vivo methods of iron and zinc bioavailability evaluation in the assessment of biofortification program effectiveness","volume":"58","author":"Dias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.12.074","article-title":"Genistein up-regulates the iron efflux system in glial cells","volume":"470","author":"Persichini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26490","article-title":"The small molecule, genistein, increases hepcidin expression in human hepatocytes","volume":"58","author":"Zhen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, T., and Tako, E. (2018). The In Ovo Feeding Administration (Gallus gallus)\u2014An Emerging In Vivo Approach to Assess Bioactive Compounds with Potential Nutritional Benefits. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040418"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.04.060","article-title":"Soluble extracts from carioca beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) affect the gut microbiota and iron related brush border membrane protein expression in vivo (Gallus gallus)","volume":"123","author":"Dias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2012.3","article-title":"Oral exposure to polystyrene nanoparticles affects iron absorption","volume":"7","author":"Mahler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03154","article-title":"Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution","volume":"432","author":"Consortium","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warkentin, T., Kolba, N., and Tako, E. (2020). Low Phytate Peas (Pisum sativum L.) Improve Iron Status, Gut Microbiome, and Brush Border Membrane Functionality In Vivo (Gallus gallus). Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092563"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.110896","article-title":"Intra-amniotic administration (Gallus gallus) of TiO2, SiO2, and ZnO nanoparticles affect brush border membrane functionality and alters gut microflora populations","volume":"135","author":"Kolba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira da Silva, B., Kolba, N., Stampini Duarte Martino, H., Hart, J., and Tako, E. (2019). Soluble Extracts from Chia Seed (Salvia hispanica L.) Affect Brush Border Membrane Functionality, Morphology and Intestinal Bacterial Populations In Vivo (Gallus gallus). Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102457"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pacifici, S., Song, J., Zhang, C., Wang, Q., Glahn, R.P., Kolba, N., and Tako, E. (2017). Intra Amniotic Administration of Raffinose and Stachyose Affects the Intestinal Brush Border Functionality and Alters Gut Microflora Populations. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030304"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6407","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA10962G","article-title":"Alterations in gut microflora populations and brush border functionality following intra-amniotic daidzein administration","volume":"5","author":"Hartono","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1079\/WPS19920004","article-title":"Incubation temperature as a management tool: A review","volume":"48","author":"Decuypere","year":"1992","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poult. Sci. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109705","article-title":"Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) flour soluble extract improve intestinal bacterial populations, brush border membrane functionality and morphology in vivo (Gallus gallus)","volume":"137","author":"Martino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-9-230","article-title":"18S rRNAis a reliable normalisation gene for real time PCR based on influenza virus infected cells","volume":"9","author":"Kuchipudi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virology J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.1.124-137.2002","article-title":"16S rRNA-based analysis of microbiota from the cecum of broiler chickens","volume":"68","author":"Zhu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2019.04.003","article-title":"A comparison of methods for enumerating bacteria in direct fed microbials for animal feed","volume":"160","author":"Gorsuch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reed, S., Neuman, H., Glahn, R.P., Koren, O., and Tako, E. (2017). Characterizing the gut (Gallus gallus) microbiota following the consumption of an iron biofortified Rwandan cream seeded carioca (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) bean-based diet. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182431"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2011.139","article-title":"An improved Greengenes taxonomy with explicit ranks for ecological and evolutionary analyses of bacteria and archaea","volume":"6","author":"McDonald","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2676","article-title":"Predictive functional profiling of microbial communities using 16S rRNA marker gene sequences","volume":"31","author":"Langille","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation","volume":"12","author":"Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303","article-title":"QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data","volume":"7","author":"Caporaso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msp077","article-title":"FastTree: Computing large minimum evolution trees with profiles instead of a distance matrix","volume":"26","author":"Price","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3207(92)91201-3","article-title":"Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity","volume":"61","author":"Faith","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8228","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.12.8228-8235.2005","article-title":"UniFrac: A new phylogenetic method for comparing microbial communities","volume":"71","author":"Lozupone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp636","article-title":"PyNAST: A flexible tool for aligning sequences to a template alignment","volume":"26","author":"Caporaso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0309-1740(87)90009-X","article-title":"Muscle Glycogen: Comparison of Iodine Binding and Enzyme Digestion Assays and Application to Meat Samples","volume":"20","author":"Dreiling","year":"1987","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2017.04.009","article-title":"Genistein prevention of hyperglycemia and improvement of glucose tolerance in adult non-obese diabetic mice are associated with alterations of gut microbiome and immune homeostasis","volume":"332","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000948","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-000948","article-title":"Genistein stimulates insulin sensitivity through gut microbiota reshaping and skeletal muscle AMPK activation in obese subjects","volume":"8","author":"Gamba","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-017-0193-1","article-title":"The impact of synbiotic administration through in ovo technology on the microstructure of a broiler chicken small intestine tissue on the 1st and 42nd day of rearing","volume":"8","author":"Sobolewska","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2014-03971","article-title":"Individual and combined effects of genistein and hesperidin on immunity and intestinal morphometry in lipopolysacharide-challenged broiler chickens","volume":"93","author":"Kamboh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.4314\/sajas.v50i2.7","article-title":"Performance, intestinal histomorphology and bone composition of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with genistein","volume":"50","author":"Glisic","year":"2020","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2000601","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202000601","article-title":"TiO2 Nanoparticles and Commensal Bacteria Alter Mucus Layer Thickness and Composition in a Gastrointestinal Tract Model","volume":"16","author":"Limage","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2000180","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.202000180","article-title":"Paneth cells: Maintaining dynamic microbiome-host homeostasis, protecting against inflammation and cancer","volume":"43","author":"Nikolenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-010-0131-2","article-title":"Intestinal goblet cells and mucins in health and disease: Recent insights and progress","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01087-19","article-title":"Bifidobacterium dentium Fortifies the Intestinal Mucus Layer via Autophagy and Calcium Signaling Pathways","volume":"10","author":"Engevik","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"925","article-title":"Bifidobacteria and Their Role as Members of the Human Gut Microbiota","volume":"7","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00091","article-title":"Factors affecting intestinal health in poultry","volume":"87","author":"Yegani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821","article-title":"A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing","volume":"464","author":"Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfy162","article-title":"Exacerbation of Type 1 Diabetes in Perinatally Genistein Exposed Female Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) Mouse Is Associated With Alterations of Gut Microbiota and Immune Homeostasis","volume":"165","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres, A.C., Vannini, V., Bonacina, J., Font, G., Saavedra, L., and Taranto, M.P. (2016). Cobalamin production by Lactobacillus coryniformis: Biochemical identification of the synthetized corrinoid and genomic analysis of the biosynthetic cluster. BMC Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0854-9"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Angelis, M., Bottacini, F., Fosso, B., Kelleher, P., Calasso, M., Di Cagno, R., Ventura, M., Picardi, E., van Sinderen, D., and Gobbetti, M. (2014). Lactobacillus rossiae, a vitamin B12 producer, represents a metabolically versatile species within the Genus Lactobacillus. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107232"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14153","article-title":"The effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299v together with a low dose of iron on iron status in healthy pregnant women: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"100","author":"Axling","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2014.01.028","article-title":"Aryl glycosidases from Lactobacillus plantarum increase antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds","volume":"7","author":"Landete","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6450","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00886-07","article-title":"Low-pH adaptation and the acid tolerance response of Bifidobacterium longum biotype longum","volume":"73","author":"Collado","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"158","article-title":"Identification of novel proteins secreted by Lactobacillus plantarum that bind to mucin and fibronectin","volume":"17","author":"Schmitter","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-13-58","article-title":"The effect of wheat prebiotics on the gut bacterial population and iron status of iron deficient broiler chickens","volume":"13","author":"Tako","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G981","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00363.2005","article-title":"Iron Imports. II. Iron uptake at the apical membrane in the intestine","volume":"289","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1006\/bcmd.2002.0578","article-title":"Mechanisms and regulation of intestinal iron absorption","volume":"29","author":"Morgan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2012.03.015","article-title":"Intestinal iron absorption","volume":"26","author":"Fuqua","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2016.05.004","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with ipriflavone decreases hepatic iron stores in wild type mice","volume":"60","author":"Patchen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imam, M.U., Zhang, S., Ma, J., Wang, H., and Wang, F. (2017). Antioxidants Mediate Both Iron Homeostasis and Oxidative Stress. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9070671"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7042274","article-title":"Duodenal cytochrome b (DCYTB) in iron metabolism: An update on function and regulation","volume":"7","author":"Lane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G397","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00348.2013","article-title":"Mechanistic and regulatory aspects of intestinal iron absorption","volume":"307","author":"Gulec","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61235-5","article-title":"Nutritional iron deficiency","volume":"370","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maares, M., and Haase, H. (2020). A Guide to Human Zinc Absorption: General Overview and Recent Advances of In Vitro Intestinal Models. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030762"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takagishi, T., Hara, T., and Fukada, T. (2017). Recent Advances in the Role of SLC39A\/ZIP Zinc Transporters In Vivo. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122708"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b18-00086","article-title":"Zinc Transporters and the Progression of Breast Cancers","volume":"41","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2009.10.011","article-title":"Zip6-attenuation promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in ductal breast tumor (T47D) cells","volume":"316","author":"Lopez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2007-00430","article-title":"Kinetics of Zinc Absorption by In Situ Ligated Intestinal Loops of Broilers Involved in Zinc Transporters1","volume":"87","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4834","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00836E","article-title":"Alterations in gut microflora populations and brush border functionality following intra-amniotic administration (Gallus gallus) of wheat bran prebiotic extracts","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6031164","article-title":"Dietary zinc deficiency affects blood linoleic acid: Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (LA:DGLA) ratio; a sensitive physiological marker of zinc status in vivo (Gallus gallus)","volume":"6","author":"Reed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2011.42.48","article-title":"Iron Status of the Late Term Broiler (Gallus gallus) Embryo and Hatchling","volume":"10","author":"Tako","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/17\/3473\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:14:35Z","timestamp":1760141675000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/17\/3473"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14173473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14173473","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]}}}