{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T11:51:16Z","timestamp":1784029876714,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]],"date-time":"2022-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"New York Wine and Grape Foundation Research"},{"name":"Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability Research"},{"name":"New York State Department of Agriculture &amp; Markets, Concord Grape Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This is a preliminary study evaluating the effect of different fractions of Concord grapes (Vitis labrusca L.) on the brush border membrane (BBM) morphology, duodenal gene expression, and specific gut bacterial populations. For this study, we utilized a unique intraamniotic approach, wherein, the test substances are administered into the amnion of the Gallus gallus egg (on day 17). The embryo orally consumes the amniotic fluid along with the injected test substance before the hatch. We randomly divided ~50 fertilized eggs into 5 groups including 6% grape (juice, puree, and pomace) along with controls (no injection and diluent\u2014H2O). The grape juice was prepared by crushing the grapes; the grape residues were used as pomace. The grape puree included the grape skin, endocarp, mesocarp, and juice but not the seeds. On day 21, the hatch day, the blood, pectoral muscle, liver, duodenum, and large intestine were harvested. Our results showed no significant differences in blood glucose, pectoral glycogen level, or body weight. However, significant (p &lt; 0.05) differences in duodenal and liver gene expression were observed between the treatment groups. The grape puree treatment resulted in higher Clostridium numbers and lower Bifidobacterium numbers when compared to all other groups. In summary, the dietary consumption of grape polyphenols has the potential to beneficially modulate aspects of intestinal health provided their concentration is limited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14173539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T22:53:42Z","timestamp":1661813622000},"page":"3539","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Comparing the Effects of Concord Grape (Vitis labrusca L.) Puree, Juice, and Pomace on Intestinal Morphology, Functionality, and Bacterial Populations In Vivo (Gallus gallus)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9158-3392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikita","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viral","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9193-317X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolai","family":"Kolba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2909-1535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cydney","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1293-413X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacquelyn","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8749-1890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga I.","family":"Padilla-Zakour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elad","family":"Tako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., and Padilla-Zakour, O.I. (2021). High Pressure Processing vs. Thermal Pasteurization of Whole Concord Grape Puree: Effect on Nutritional Value, Quality Parameters and Refrigerated Shelf Life. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10112608"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Davis, T.J., G\u00f3mez, M.I., and Martin, K. (2022, July 06). Cost of Establishment and Production of Concord Grapes in the Lake Erie Region of New York-2020. Available online: https:\/\/dyson.cornell.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2020\/11\/Cost_of_Establishment_and_Production_Concord_Grapes-VD.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022, August 11). FAOSTAT. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/en\/#data\/QCL."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.07.017","article-title":"Towards Integral Utilization of Grape Pomace from Winemaking Process: A Review","volume":"68","author":"Beres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.14118","article-title":"Valorisation of Grape Pomace: An Approach That Is Increasingly Reaching Its Maturity\u2014A Review","volume":"54","author":"Bordiga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antoni\u0107, B., Jan\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1, S., Dordevi\u0107, D., and Tremlov\u00e1, B. (2020). Grape Pomace Valorization: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9111627"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-019-04113-w","article-title":"Grape Seed Extract: Having a Potential Health Benefits","volume":"57","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.11.051","article-title":"Differential Contribution of Grape Peel, Pulp, and Seed to Bioaccessibility of Micronutrients and Major Polyphenolic Compounds of Red and White Grapes through Simulated Human Digestion","volume":"52","author":"Gomes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"6","article-title":"Chemical Composition of Pulp, Seed and Peel of Red Grape from Lybia","volume":"3","author":"Abdrabba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-457X.6826","article-title":"Grape Seed Oil: A Potential Functional Food?","volume":"35","author":"Shinagawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116796","article-title":"Current Trends and Possibilities for Exploitation of Grape Pomace as a Potential Source for Value Addition","volume":"278","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5497","DOI":"10.1021\/jf030113c","article-title":"Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Muscadine Grapes","volume":"51","author":"Akoh","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2008.07.003","article-title":"Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activities of Skins and Seeds of Five Wild Grapes and Two Hybrids Native to Japan","volume":"21","author":"Poudel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6613","DOI":"10.1021\/jf061048k","article-title":"Comparison of Cardioprotective Abilities between the Flesh and Skin of Grapes","volume":"54","author":"Falchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1590\/s1516-8913201500076","article-title":"Exploring the Anticancer Activity of Grape Seed Extract on Skin Cancer Cell Lines A431","volume":"58","author":"Mohansrinivasan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2005.07.011","article-title":"Anticancer Activity of Grape and Grape Skin Extracts Alone and Combined with Green Tea Infusions","volume":"238","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5898","article-title":"The Beneficial Effect of Anthocyanidin-Rich Vitis vinifera L. Grape Skin Extract on Metabolic Changes Induced by High-Fat Diet in Mice Involves Antiinflammatory and Antioxidant Actions","volume":"31","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baron, G., Ferrario, G., Marinello, C., Carini, M., Morazzoni, P., and Aldini, G. (2021). Effect of Extraction Solvent and Temperature on Polyphenol Profiles, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Red Grape Skin By-Product. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26185454"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Andrade, R.B., Machado, B.A.S., Barreto, G.d.A., Nascimento, R.Q., Corr\u00eaa, L.C., Leal, I.L., Tavares, P.P.L.G., Ferreira, E.d.S., and Umsza-Guez, M.A. (2021). Syrah Grape Skin Residues Has Potential as Source of Antioxidant and Anti-Microbial Bioactive Compounds. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10121262"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8062","article-title":"Grape By-Product Extracts against Microbial Proliferation and Lipid Oxidation: A Review","volume":"97","author":"Mattos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Z.F., and Zhang, H. (2017). Phytochemical Constituents, Health Benefits, and Industrial Applications of Grape Seeds: A Mini-Review. Antioxidants, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox6030071"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.103861","article-title":"Proanthocyanidins in Grape Seeds: An Updated Review of Their Health Benefits and Potential Uses in the Food Industry","volume":"67","author":"Unusan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2015.08.026","article-title":"Blessings in Disguise: Bio-Functional Benefits of Grape Seed Extracts","volume":"77","author":"Nowshehri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1089\/109662003772519831","article-title":"Polyphenolics in Grape Seeds\u2014Biochemistry and Functionality","volume":"6","author":"Shi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06112-w","article-title":"Diet and the Human Gut Microbiome: An International Review","volume":"65","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7502","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7502","article-title":"Factors Affecting the Composition of the Gut Microbiota, and Its Modulation","volume":"7","author":"Hasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533611436116","article-title":"Effects of Gut Microbes on Nutrient Absorption and Energy Regulation","volume":"27","author":"Ilhan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2901-1","article-title":"Implication of Gut Microbiota Metabolites in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases","volume":"75","author":"Brial","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2020.06.007","article-title":"The Bidirectional Nature of Microbiome-Epithelial Cell Interactions","volume":"56","author":"Solis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v8.i4.150","article-title":"Paneth Cells in Intestinal Physiology and Pathophysiology","volume":"8","author":"Gassler","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Pathophysiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal, N., Kolba, N., Jung, Y., Cheng, J., and Tako, E. (2022). Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Flower Water Extract Disrupts the Cecal Microbiome, Brush Border Membrane Functionality, and Morphology In Vivo (Gallus Gallus). Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010220"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal, N., Kolba, N., Khen, N., Even, C., Turjeman, S., Koren, O., and Tako, E. (2022). Quinoa Soluble Fiber and Quercetin Alter the Composition of the Gut Microbiome and Improve Brush Border Membrane Morphology In Vivo (Gallus Gallus). Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030448"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes, M.J.C., Kolba, N., Agarwal, N., Kim, D., Eshel, A., Koren, O., and Tako, E. (2021). Modifications in the Intestinal Functionality, Morphology and Microbiome Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus Gallus) of Grape (Vitis Vinifera) Stilbenes (Resveratrol and Pterostilbene). Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093247"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57598-3","article-title":"Nicotianamine-Chelated Iron Positively Affects Iron Status, Intestinal Morphology and Microbial Populations in Vivo (Gallus Gallus)","volume":"10","author":"Beasley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warkentin, T., Kolba, N., and Tako, E. (2020). Low Phytate Peas (Pisum sativum L.) Improve Iron Status, Gut Microbiome, and Brush Border Membrane Functionality in Vivo (Gallus Gallus). Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092563"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109705","article-title":"Yacon (Smallanthus Sonchifolius) Flour Soluble Extract Improve Intestinal Bacterial Populations, Brush Border Membrane Functionality and Morphology in Vivo (Gallus Gallus)","volume":"137","author":"Martino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6291","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b01481","article-title":"Alterations in the Gut (Gallus Gallus) Microbiota Following the Consumption of Zinc Biofortified Wheat (Triticum aestivum)-Based Diet","volume":"66","author":"Reed","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Silva, B.P., Kolba, N., Martino, H.S.D., Hart, J., and Tako, E. (2019). Soluble Extracts from Chia Seed (Salvia hispanica L.) Affect Brush Border Membrane Functionality, Morphology and Intestinal Bacterial Populations in Vivo (Gallus Gallus). Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102457"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carboni, J., Reed, S., Kolba, N., Eshel, A., Koren, O., and Tako, E. (2020). Alterations in the Intestinal Morphology, Gut Microbiota, and Trace Mineral Status Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus Gallus) of Teff (Eragrostis Tef) Seed Extracts. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103020"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pacifici, S., Song, J., Zhang, C., Wang, Q., Glahn, R.P., Kolba, N., and Tako, E. (2017). Intra Amniotic Administration of Raffinose and Stachyose Affects the Intestinal Brush Border Functionality and Alters Gut Microflora Populations. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030304"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"I1.1.1","article-title":"Determination of Total Phenolics","volume":"6","author":"Waterhouse","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Food Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/88.5.1269","article-title":"Determination of Total Monomeric Anthocyanin Pigment Content of Fruit Juices, Beverages, Natural Colorants, and Wines by the PH Differential Method: Collaborative Study","volume":"88","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Aoac Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0309-1740(87)90009-X","article-title":"Muscle Glycogen: Comparison of Iodine Binding and Enzyme Digestion Assays and Application to Meat Samples","volume":"20","author":"Dreiling","year":"1987","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, D., Kolba, N., Binyamin, D., Ziv, O., Regini Nutti, M., Martino, H., Glahn, R., Koren, O., and Tako, E. (2018). Iron Biofortified Carioca Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)\u2014Based Brazilian Diet Delivers More Absorbable Iron and Affects the Gut Microbiota In Vivo (Gallus Gallus). Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121970"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Pisula, A. (2018). Detecting a Probiotic Product within the Gut of Broiler Chickens, California Polytechnic State University."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.1.124-137.2002","article-title":"16S RRNA-Based Analysis of Microbiota from the Cecum of Broiler Chickens","volume":"68","author":"Zhu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/83.7.1093","article-title":"Microflora Ecology of the Chicken Intestine Using 16S Ribosomal DNA Primers","volume":"83","author":"Sklan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.61.8.3069-3075.1995","article-title":"Quantitative Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization of Bifidobacterium Spp. with Genus-Specific 16S RRNA-Targeted Probes and Its Application in Fecal Samples","volume":"61","author":"Langendijk","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507825128","article-title":"Dietary Inulin Affects the Expression of Intestinal Enterocyte Iron Transporters, Receptors and Storage Protein and Alters the Microbiota in the Pig Intestine","volume":"99","author":"Tako","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13112","article-title":"Invited Review: Mineral Absorption Mechanisms, Mineral Interactions That Affect Acid\u2013Base and Antioxidant Status, and Diet Considerations to Improve Mineral Status","volume":"101","author":"Goff","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reboul, E. (2013). Absorption of Vitamin A and Carotenoids by the Enterocyte: Focus on Transport Proteins. Nutrients, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5093563"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5053","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7135","article-title":"The Effect of Grapes\/Grape Products on Glycemic Response: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"35","author":"Moodi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.01.024","article-title":"Wine and Its Metabolic Effects. A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Trials","volume":"83","author":"Fragopoulou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiesel, A., Gessner, D.K., Most, E., and Eder, K. (2014). Effects of Dietary Polyphenol-Rich Plant Products from Grape or Hop on pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression in the Intestine, Nutrient Digestibility and Faecal Microbiota of Weaned Pigs. BMC Vet. Res., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-014-0196-5"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.4314\/sajas.v48i2.13","article-title":"Effects of Grape Pomace and Vitamin E on Performance, Antioxidant Status, Immune Response, Gut Morphology and Histopathological Responses in Broiler Chickens","volume":"48","author":"Ebrahimzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gungor, E., Altop, A., and Erener, G. (2021). Effect of Raw and Fermented Grape Pomace on the Growth Performance, Antioxidant Status, Intestinal Morphology, and Selected Bacterial Species in Broiler Chicks. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020364"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2010.503477","article-title":"Characterisation and Response of Intestinal Microflora and Mucins to Manno-Oligosaccharide and Antibiotic Supplementation in Broiler Chickens","volume":"51","author":"Chee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.6.1030","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Fructooligosaccharide on Digestive Enzyme Activities, Intestinal Microflora and Morphology of Male Broilers","volume":"82","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20673-4","article-title":"A Diet-Microbial Metabolism Feedforward Loop Modulates Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal in the Stressed Gut","volume":"12","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1483791","article-title":"Stem Cells as Potential Targets of Polyphenols in Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"2018","author":"Tandon","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-8401(93)90002-2","article-title":"Tannins in Faba Bean Seeds: Effects on the Digestion of Protein and Amino Acids in Growing Chicks","volume":"41","author":"Ortiz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Academic Publishers, W. (, January March). Recent Advances of Research in Antinutritional Factors in Legume Seeds and Oilseeds. Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Antinutritional Factors in Legume Seeds and Oilseeds, Toledo, Spain."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.138","article-title":"Cell Cycle Proteins as Promising Targets in Cancer Therapy","volume":"17","author":"Otto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO02231D","article-title":"Early-Life Supplementation of Grape Polyphenol Extract Promotes Polyphenol Absorption and Modulates the Intestinal Microbiota in Association with the Increase in MRNA Expression of the Key Intestinal Barrier Genes","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00734","article-title":"Resveratrol Reverses Retinoic Acid Resistance of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells via Demethylating CRABP2 Gene","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12311","article-title":"Mitochondrial VDAC2 and Cell Homeostasis: Highlighting Hidden Structural Features and Unique Functionalities","volume":"92","author":"Maurya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e3182141f80","article-title":"Mitochondrial Protection by Resveratrol","volume":"39","author":"Ungvari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.238816","article-title":"Early-Life Sugar Consumption Affects the Rat Microbiome Independently of Obesity","volume":"147","author":"Noble","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-017-1175-y","article-title":"Influence of Diet on the Gut Microbiome and Implications for Human Health","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.05.016","article-title":"Relationships between Diet-Related Changes in the Gut Microbiome and Cognitive Flexibility","volume":"300","author":"Magnusson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/17\/3539\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:16:32Z","timestamp":1760141792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/17\/3539"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14173539"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14173539","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]]}}}