{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:48:36Z","timestamp":1790362116764,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]],"date-time":"2022-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Maternal Child Health Research Institute","award":["UL1 TR001085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR001085"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To assess the longitudinal metabolic patterns during the evolution of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) development. Methods: A case-control dataset of preterm infants (&lt;32-week gestation) was obtained from a multicenter database, including 355 BPD cases and 395 controls. A total of 72 amino acid (AA) and acylcarnitine (AC) variables, along with infants\u2019 calorie intake and growth outcomes, were measured on day of life 1, 7, 28, and 42. Logistic regression, clustering methods, and random forest statistical modeling were utilized to identify metabolic variables significantly associated with BPD development and to investigate their longitudinal patterns that are associated with BPD development. Results: A panel of 27 metabolic variables were observed to be longitudinally associated with BPD development. The involved metabolites increased from 1 predominant different AC by day 7 to 19 associated AA and AC compounds by day 28 and 16 metabolic features by day 42. Citrulline, alanine, glutamate, tyrosine, propionylcarnitine, free carnitine, acetylcarnitine, hydroxybutyrylcarnitine, and most median-chain ACs (C5:C10) were the most associated metabolites down-regulated in BPD babies over the early days of life, whereas phenylalanine, methionine, and hydroxypalmitoylcarnitine were observed to be up-regulated in BPD babies. Most calorie intake and growth outcomes revealed similar longitudinal patterns between BPD cases and controls over the first 6 weeks of life, after gestational adjustment. When combining with birth weight, the derived metabolic-based discriminative model observed some differences between those with and without BPD development, with c-statistics of 0.869 and 0.841 at day 7 and 28 of life on the test data. Conclusions: The metabolic panel we describe identified some metabolic differences in the blood associated with BPD pathogenesis. Further work is needed to determine whether these compounds could facilitate the monitoring and\/or investigation of early-life metabolic status in the lung and other tissues for the prevention and management of BPD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14173547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T22:53:42Z","timestamp":1661813622000},"page":"3547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Progressive Metabolic Abnormalities Associated with the Development of Neonatal Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8384-1857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengyin","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Management, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311100, China"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinghua","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Management, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1460-8570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Reiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"},{"name":"Stanford Metabolic Health Center, Stanford Children\u2019s Hospital, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany J.","family":"Sinclair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David K.","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"},{"name":"Stanford Metabolic Health Center, Stanford Children\u2019s Hospital, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary M.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald H.","family":"Chace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medolac Laboratories, Boulder City, NV 89005, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reese H.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrix-Obstetrix Center for Research, Education and Quality, Sunrise, FL 33323, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7010-4548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence S.","family":"Prince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuefeng Bruce","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"},{"name":"Clinical and Translational Research Program, Betty Irene Moore Children\u2019s Heart Center, Lucile Packard Children\u2019s Hospital, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl G.","family":"Sylvester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"},{"name":"Stanford Metabolic Health Center, Stanford Children\u2019s Hospital, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Martin, J.R., Fanaroff, A.A., and Walsh, M.C. 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