{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:06:50Z","timestamp":1777392410345,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ALWTF.2016.012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALWTF.2016.012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most trials on the effects of inorganic nitrate intake have focused on only one specific aspect of the endothelial cell response to a stimulus, thereby possibly missing other important effects. The aim of the present randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled cross-over study was therefore to investigate in eighteen healthy abdominally obese men (18\u201360 years, waist circumference \u2265 102 cm) acute effects of potassium nitrate on brachial and femoral flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), and on carotid artery reactivity (CAR) to a cold pressure test. Participants received in random order a drink providing 10 mmol potassium nitrate (i.e., 625 mg of nitrate) or an iso-molar placebo drink with potassium chloride. Fasted and 4 h post-drink FMD and blood pressure measurements were performed. CAR responses were assessed at 4 h. Circulating nitrate plus nitrite concentration increased following nitrate intake (p = 0.003). Compared with placebo, potassium nitrate did not affect brachial (mean [95% confidence interval]: \u22120.2% [\u22122.5, 2.1], p = 0.86) and femoral FMD responses (\u22120.6% [\u22123.0; 1.7], p = 0.54). CAR responses were also not different (\u22120.8% [\u22122.5, 0.9], p = 0.32). Finally, changes in blood pressure and heart rate did not differ. No adverse events were observed. In conclusion, this trial did not provide evidence for effects of a single dose of inorganic nitrate on 4 h vascular endothelial function in abdominally obese men.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14173560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T22:53:42Z","timestamp":1661813622000},"page":"3560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Acute Effects of Inorganic Nitrate Intake on Brachial and Femoral Flow-Mediated Vasodilation, and on Carotid Artery Reactivity Responses: Results of a Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Cross-Over Study in Abdominally Obese Men"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ellen T. H. C.","family":"Smeets","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald P.","family":"Mensink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordi P. D.","family":"Kleinloog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6852-5776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J.","family":"Joris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-017-0725-2","article-title":"Oral microbiome and nitric oxide: The missing link in the management of blood pressure","volume":"19","author":"Bryan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2015.09.002","article-title":"Vascular nitric oxide: Beyond eNOS","volume":"129","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00176.2018","article-title":"Long-term effects of NO3\u2212 on the relationship between oxygen uptake and power after three weeks of supplemented HIHVT","volume":"125","author":"Finkel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.103523","article-title":"Acute blood pressure lowering, vasoprotective, and antiplatelet properties of dietary nitrate via bioconversion to nitrite","volume":"51","author":"Webb","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-018-0723-0","article-title":"Functional nitric oxide nutrition to combat cardiovascular disease","volume":"20","author":"Bryan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2013.811212","article-title":"Dietary nitrate, nitric oxide, and cardiovascular health","volume":"56","author":"Bondonno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuy005","article-title":"The role of inorganic nitrate and nitrite in cardiovascular disease risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of human evidence","volume":"76","author":"Jackson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00290.2011","article-title":"Relationship between upper and lower limb conduit artery vasodilator function in humans","volume":"111","author":"Thijssen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker, M.A., Bailey, T.G., McIlvenna, L., Allen, J.D., Green, D.J., and Askew, C.D. (2019). Acute dietary nitrate supplementation improves flow mediated dilatation of the superficial femoral artery in healthy older males. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11050954"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.08.022","article-title":"Bioactive compounds of beetroot and utilization in food processing industry: A critical review","volume":"272","author":"Chhikara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002558","article-title":"Carotid artery reactivity predicts events in peripheral arterial disease patients","volume":"269","author":"Pouwels","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001274","article-title":"Correlation of carotid artery reactivity with cardiovascular risk factors and coronary artery vasodilator responses in asymptomatic, healthy volunteers","volume":"35","author":"Hartman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103115","article-title":"Acute inorganic nitrate intake increases regional insulin action in the brain: Results of a double-blinded, randomized, controlled cross-over trail with abdominally obese men","volume":"35","author":"Kleinloog","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz350","article-title":"Expert consensus and evidence-based recommendations for the assessment of flow-mediated dilation in humans","volume":"40","author":"Thijssen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Bussel, F.C., van Bussel, B.C., Hoeks, A.P., Op \u2019t Roodt, J., Henry, R.M., Ferreira, I., Vanmolkot, F.H., Schalkwijk, C.G., Stehouwer, C.D., and Reesink, K.D. (2015). A control systems approach to quantify wall shear stress normalization by flow-mediated dilation in the brachial artery. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115977"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2006.07.054","article-title":"Analysis of nitrite and nitrate in biological fluids by assays based on the Griess reaction: Appraisal of the Griess reaction in the L-arginine\/nitric oxide area of research","volume":"851","author":"Tsikas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.09.001","article-title":"Beetroot juice improves in overweight and slightly obese men postprandial endothelial function after consumption of a mixed meal","volume":"231","author":"Joris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.051","article-title":"Dietary inorganic nitrate mobilizes circulating angiogenic cells","volume":"52","author":"Heiss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.153536","article-title":"Inorganic nitrate supplementation lowers blood pressure in humans: Role for nitrite-derived NO","volume":"56","author":"Kapil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.229807","article-title":"Nitrate-rich vegetables increase plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and lower blood pressure in healthy adults","volume":"146","author":"Jonvik","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-0872-7","article-title":"Effects of inorganic nitrate and beetroot supplementation on endothelial function: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Lara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/osp4.108","article-title":"Obesity, arterial function and arterial structure\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Ne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00071.2011","article-title":"Dietary nitrate supplementation enhances exercise performance in peripheral arterial disease","volume":"110","author":"Kenjale","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.12.009","article-title":"Interactions between cocoa flavanols and inorganic nitrate: Additive effects on endothelial function at achievable dietary amounts","volume":"80","author":"Hezel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2012.01.004","article-title":"Inorganic nitrate ingestion improves vascular compliance but does not alter flow-mediated dilatation in healthy volunteers","volume":"26","author":"Bahra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-1128(200101)21:1<1::AID-MED1>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Heterogeneous control of blood flow amongst different vascular beds","volume":"21","author":"Hill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.059717","article-title":"Different vasodilator responses of human arms and legs","volume":"556","author":"Newcomer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.12.041","article-title":"Local stiffness of the carotid and femoral artery is associated with incident cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: The Hoorn study","volume":"63","author":"Schram","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00193","DOI":"10.1002\/phy2.193","article-title":"Acute impact of retrograde shear rate on brachial and superficial femoral artery flow-mediated dilation in humans","volume":"2","author":"Schreuder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.2174\/1573403X14666180910125638","article-title":"Similarities and differences between carotid artery and coronary artery function","volume":"14","author":"Peace","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpz159","article-title":"Role of blood pressure in mediating carotid artery dilation in response to sympathetic stimulation in healthy, middle-aged individuals","volume":"33","author":"Peace","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.313128","article-title":"Central versus peripheral artery stiffening and cardiovascular risk","volume":"40","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11253","article-title":"Common carotid artery diameter and risk of cardiovascular events and mortality: Pooled analyses of four cohort studies","volume":"72","author":"Sedaghat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12092","article-title":"Preserved flow-mediated dilation but delayed time-to-peak diameter in individuals with metabolic syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.21900","article-title":"Peak and time-integrated shear rates independently predict flow-mediated dilation","volume":"40","author":"Stoner","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12268","article-title":"Delayed vasodilation is associated with cardiovascular risk","volume":"44","author":"Irace","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04675","article-title":"Dietary nitrate provides sustained blood pressure lowering in hypertensive patients: A randomized, phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"65","author":"Kapil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2684-x","article-title":"Blood pressure regulation VIII: Resistance vessel tone and implications for a pro-atherogenic conduit artery endothelial cell phenotype","volume":"114","author":"Padilla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13913","article-title":"Acute interaction between oral glucose (75 g as Lucozade) and inorganic nitrate: Decreased insulin clearance, but lack of blood pressure-lowering","volume":"85","author":"Floyd","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-11-106","article-title":"Effect of beetroot juice on lowering blood pressure in free-living, disease-free adults: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Coles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2006.08.003","article-title":"Circadian variation of blood pressure: The basis for the chronotherapy of hypertension","volume":"59","author":"Hermida","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2012.26","article-title":"Nocturnal blood pressure and cardiovascular disease: A review of recent advances","volume":"35","author":"Yano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-022-03185-x","article-title":"N-Acetyl-L-cysteine in human rheumatoid arthritis and its effects on nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA): Analytical and clinical considerations","volume":"54","author":"Tsikas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Amino Acids"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/17\/3560\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:19:45Z","timestamp":1760141985000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/17\/3560"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14173560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14173560","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]}}}