{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T17:55:50Z","timestamp":1788976550063,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) of Brazil","award":["472021\/2011-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["472021\/2011-7"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) of Brazil","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"CAPES Foundation (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel in Brazil)","award":["472021\/2011-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["472021\/2011-7"]}]},{"name":"CAPES Foundation (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel in Brazil)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maternal vitamin A (VA) supplementation in risk areas for Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) was launched to improve the level of this nutrient in nursing mothers and in their breast milk. This longitudinal and randomized study aimed to evaluate the levels of retinol in breast milk after supplementation with VA in varying amounts (200,000 IU or 400,000 IU) and different postpartum intervals. Women were distributed into four intervention groups and given a single 200,000 IU postnatal dosage of VA at time 0 h (postnatal morning) (G200 0H); a single 200,000 IU dosage of VA in week four (G200 4W); 200,000 IU of VA at time 0 h + 200,000 IU of VA 24 h after the first supplementation (G400 24H); and 200,000 IU of VA at time 0 h + 200,000 IU of VA one week after the first supplementation (G400 1W). Breast milk samples were collected over a 12-week period (0 h, 24 h and 1, 4, 12 weeks post-natal). Retinol levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The Generalized Estimated Equation (GEE) assessed the different retinol levels. The G200 (0H), G400 (24H), and G400 (1W) groups presented higher retinol levels at 24 h than the G200 (4W) group (p &lt; 0.001). The retinol levels of all groups were similar at times 1, 4 and 12 weeks after delivery (p &gt; 0.05). Maternal VA supplementation increased retinol levels in the colostrum. Different supplementation dosages or postpartum administration times did not result in added benefit to retinol levels in mature breast milk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14173570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T00:13:56Z","timestamp":1661904836000},"page":"3570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Breast Milk Retinol Levels after Vitamin A Supplementation at Different Postpartum Amounts and Intervals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Danielle S.","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, School of Health Sciences of Trairi, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Santa Cruz 59200-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andressa T. A.","family":"de Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u00e1tia C. de A. N.","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tocogynecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karoline Q. M. A.","family":"de Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onofre Lopes University Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-300, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monalisa S. M. de F.","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Janu\u00e1rio Cicco Maternity School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-310, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fl\u00e1via A. P. S. dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeane F. P.","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayara S. R.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7761-2708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Gabriella C. L.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Collective Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2251-5967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karla Danielly da S.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Dimenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f4nica M.","family":"Os\u00f3rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2009). 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