{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T13:42:32Z","timestamp":1783604552622,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002649"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CCTR Endowment Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCTR Endowment Fund"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","award":["UL1TR002649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002649"]}]},{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","award":["CCTR Endowment Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCTR Endowment Fund"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gout is a metabolic disorder, and one of the most common inflammatory arthritic conditions, caused by elevated serum urate (SU). Gout is globally rising, partly due to global dietary changes and the growing older adult population. Gout was known to affect people of high socioeconomic status. Currently, gout disproportionately affects specific population subgroups that share distinct racial and ethnic backgrounds. While genetics may predict SU levels, nongenetic factors, including diet, cultural traditions, and social determinants of health (SDOH), need to be evaluated to optimize patient treatment outcomes. This approach would allow clinicians to assess whether certain cultural norms, or some SDOH, could be contributing to their patient\u2019s risk of developing gout or recurrent gout flares. A cultural assessment may inform the development of culturally tailored dietary recommendations for patients with gout. Causal and association studies investigating the interaction between diet, genetics, and gout, should be cautiously interpreted due to the lack of reproducibility in different racial groups. Optimal gout management could benefit from a multidisciplinary approach, involving pharmacists and nurses. While data on the effect of specific dietary recommendations on managing hyperuricemia and gout may be limited, counseling patients with gout on the role of a healthy diet to optimally control their gout flares and other comorbidities should be part of patient education. Future research investigating the role of a gene\u2013diet interaction in the context of hyperuricemia and gout is needed. Optimal care for patients with gout needs to include a holistic assessment for gout and gout-related comorbidities. Additionally, addressing health beliefs and culture-specific lifestyle factors among patients with gout may reduce their risk of gout flare, improve adherence to urate-lowering therapy (ULT), and achieve health equity in gout management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14173590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T01:50:51Z","timestamp":1661997051000},"page":"3590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Moving the Needle in Gout Management: The Role of Culture, Diet, Genetics, and Personalized Patient Care Practices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0613-5534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youssef M.","family":"Roman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcome Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R132","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4589","article-title":"The impact of gout on patient\u2019s lives: A study of African-American and Caucasian men and women with gout","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2017.12.005","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in gout in primary care: Baseline findings from a cohort study","volume":"48","author":"Chandratre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket265","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in gout: A systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Chandratre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41404","article-title":"Prevalence, Incidence, and Years Lived With Disability Due to Gout and Its Attributable Risk Factors for 195 Countries and Territories 1990\u20132017: A Systematic Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"72","author":"Safiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa773","article-title":"Association between serum urate, gout and comorbidities: A case-control study using data from the UK Biobank","volume":"60","author":"Nakafero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210357","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk of patients with gout seen at rheumatology clinics following a structured assessment","volume":"76","author":"Andres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.09.033","article-title":"Comorbidities of Gout and Hyperuricemia in the US General Population: NHANES 2007\u20132008","volume":"125","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40807","article-title":"Contemporary Prevalence of Gout and Hyperuricemia in the United States and Decadal Trends: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007\u20132016","volume":"71","author":"Yokose","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker361","article-title":"National prevalence of gout derived from administrative health data in Aotearoa New Zealand","volume":"51","author":"Winnard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"8","article-title":"Gout in Aotearoa New Zealand: The equity crisis continues in plain sight","volume":"131","author":"Dalbeth","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Z. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler, F., Alghubayshi, A., and Roman, Y. (2021). The Epidemiology and Genetics of Hyperuricemia and Gout across Major Racial Groups: A Literature Review and Population Genetics Secondary Database Analysis. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-153295\/v1"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2226804","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.26804","article-title":"Racial and Sex Disparities in Gout Prevalence Among US Adults","volume":"5","author":"McCormick","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0441-1","article-title":"Global epidemiology of gout: Prevalence, incidence, treatment patterns and risk factors","volume":"16","author":"Dehlin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-013-2922-x","article-title":"Hyperuricaemia in the Pacific: Why the elevated serum urate levels?","volume":"34","author":"Gosling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203600","article-title":"Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption: A risk factor for prevalent gout with SLC2A9 genotype-specific effects on serum urate and risk of gout","volume":"73","author":"Batt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202732","article-title":"Population-specific influence of SLC2A9 genotype on the acute hyperuricaemic response to a fructose load","volume":"72","author":"Dalbeth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110795","article-title":"Recent advances in fructose intake and risk of hyperuricemia","volume":"131","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.098277","article-title":"National estimates of dietary fructose intake increased from 1977 to 2004 in the United States","volume":"139","author":"Marriott","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00019.2009","article-title":"Metabolic effects of fructose and the worldwide increase in obesity","volume":"90","author":"Tappy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k601","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k601","article-title":"Reading Mendelian randomisation studies: A guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians","volume":"362","author":"Davies","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-018-0261-x","article-title":"A scientometric review of genome-wide association studies","volume":"2","author":"Mills","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.11.010","article-title":"Nature versus nurture in gout: A twin study","volume":"125","author":"Krishnan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s004390000243","article-title":"Segregation analysis of serum uric acid in the NHLBI Family Heart Study","volume":"106","author":"Wilk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-012-2439-8","article-title":"Risk factors for gout developed from hyperuricemia in China: A five-year prospective cohort study","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu304","article-title":"Cigarette smoking is associated with a reduction in the risk of incident gout: Results from the Framingham Heart Study original cohort","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-205312","article-title":"Attenuating the mortality risk of high serum uric acid: The role of physical activity underused","volume":"74","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juraschek, S.P., Gaziano, J.M., Glynn, R.J., Gomelskaya, N., Bubes, V.Y., Buring, J.E., Shmerling, R.H., and Sesso, H.D. (2022). Effects of vitamin C supplementation on gout risk: Results from the physicians\u2019 health study II trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., nqac140.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac140"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stamp, L.K., Grainger, R., Frampton, C., Drake, J., and Hill, C.L. (2022). Effect of omega-three supplementation on serum urate and gout flares in people with gout; a pilot randomized trial. BMC Rheumatol., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-022-00263-1"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d8190","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d8190","article-title":"Antihypertensive drugs and risk of incident gout among patients with hypertension: Population based case-control study","volume":"344","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24180","article-title":"2020 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Gout","volume":"72","author":"FitzGerald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juraschek, S.P., Miller, E.R., Wu, B., White, K., Charleston, J., Gelber, A.C., Rai, S.K., Carson, K.A., Appel, L.J., and Choi, H.K. (2021). A Randomized Pilot Study of DASH Patterned Groceries on Serum Urate in Individuals with Gout. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020538"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-017-3613-x","article-title":"DASH diet and change in serum uric acid over time","volume":"36","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j1794","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1794","article-title":"The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, Western diet, and risk of gout in men: Prospective cohort study","volume":"357","author":"Rai","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.31138\/mjr.29.1.21","article-title":"The role of the Mediterranean diet in hyperuricemia and gout","volume":"29","author":"Stamostergiou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediterr. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2012.01.016","article-title":"Effect of low-calorie versus low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet in type 2 diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Hussain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-012-0240-z","article-title":"Regulation of uric acid excretion by the kidney","volume":"14","author":"Lipkowitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39115","article-title":"Food Sources of Protein and Risk of Incident Gout in the Singapore Chinese Health Study","volume":"67","author":"Teng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4004","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34677","article-title":"Cherry consumption and decreased risk of recurrent gout attacks","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.6.1826","article-title":"Consumption of cherries lowers plasma urate in healthy women","volume":"133","author":"Jacob","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-014-3061-8","article-title":"The effect of coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption on serum uric acid and the risk of hyperuricemia in Korean Multi-Rural Communities Cohort","volume":"35","author":"Bae","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114599001270","article-title":"Inverse association between coffee drinking and serum uric acid concentrations in middle-aged Japanese males","volume":"82","author":"Kiyohara","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22762","article-title":"Coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and serum uric acid level: The third national health and nutrition examination survey","volume":"57","author":"Choi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11425","article-title":"Coffee Consumption Reduces Gout Risk Independently of Serum Uric Acid Levels: Mendelian Randomization Analyses Across Ancestry Populations","volume":"4","author":"Shirai","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S355253","article-title":"Tea Consumption is associated with an Increased Risk of Hyperuricemia in an Occupational Population in Guangdong, China","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94893","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.22046","article-title":"Physical exercises and weight loss in obese patients help to improve uric acid","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2027421","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.27421","article-title":"Estimation of Primary Prevention of Gout in Men Through Modification of Obesity and Other Key Lifestyle Factors","volume":"3","author":"McCormick","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s12199-010-0198-2","article-title":"Effect of cigarette smoking on plasma uric acid concentrations","volume":"16","author":"Ezzaher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"269","article-title":"Serum uric Acid in smokers","volume":"23","author":"Hanna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oman. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE2006332","article-title":"Increased levels of serum uric acid among ex-smokers","volume":"18","author":"Tomita","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.130870","article-title":"Joint effects of alcohol consumption and ABCG2 Q141K on chronic tophaceous gout risk","volume":"41","author":"Tu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-013-2319-y","article-title":"A meta-analysis of alcohol consumption and the risk of gout","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16000-5","article-title":"Alcohol intake and risk of incident gout in men: A prospective study","volume":"363","author":"Choi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., and Qiu, H. (2018). Folate, Vitamin B6 and Vitamin B12 Intake in Relation to Hyperuricemia. J. Clin. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7080210"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2014.05.007","article-title":"The effect of vitamin C intake on the risk of hyperuricemia and serum uric acid level in Korean Multi-Rural Communities Cohort","volume":"81","author":"Bae","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37925","article-title":"Clinically insignificant effect of supplemental vitamin C on serum urate in patients with gout: A pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"65","author":"Stamp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saito, H., Toyoda, Y., Takada, T., Hirata, H., Ota-Kontani, A., Miyata, H., Kobayashi, N., Tsuchiya, Y., and Suzuki, H. (2020). Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Inhibit the Function of Human URAT1, a Renal Urate Re-Absorber. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061601"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40896","article-title":"Effect of Dietary and Supplemental Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Risk of Recurrent Gout Flares","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.2217\/pme-2020-0107","article-title":"Gout prevalence in the Hmong: A prime example of health disparity and the role of community-based genetic research","volume":"18","author":"Roman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Per. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coronado, G., Chio-Lauri, J., Cruz, R.D., and Roman, Y.M. (2021). Health Disparities of Cardiometabolic Disorders among Filipino Americans: Implications for Health Equity and Community-Based Genetic Research. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-021-01190-6"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2020.107679","article-title":"Nativity and prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases among U.S. Asian immigrants","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"498","article-title":"Gout in ambulatory care settings in the United States","volume":"35","author":"Krishnan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-04994-9","article-title":"The prevalence of the gout-associated polymorphism rs2231142 G > T in ABCG2 in a pregnant female Filipino cohort","volume":"39","author":"Roman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"126","article-title":"On Filipino hyperuricemia","volume":"3","author":"Skeith","year":"1966","journal-title":"Acta Med. Philipp."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.2217\/pme-2016-0021","article-title":"Assessment of genetic polymorphisms associated with hyperuricemia or gout in the Hmong","volume":"13","author":"Roman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Per. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, I.C., Chen, Y.J., Chen, Y.M., Lin, H.J., Lin, Y.C., Chagn, J.C., Chen, P.C., and Lin, C.H. (2021). Interaction of Alcohol Consumption and ABCG2 rs2231142 Variant Contributes to Hyperuricemia in a Taiwanese Population. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11111158"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2020.1807474","article-title":"The haplotype of SLC2A9_rs3733591, PKD2_rs2725220 and ABCG2_rs2231142 increases the hyperuricaemia risk and alcohol, chicken and processed meat intakes and smoking interact with its risk","volume":"72","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alghubayshi, A., Edelman, A., Alrajeh, K., and Roman, Y. (2022). Genetic assessment of hyperuricemia and gout in Asian, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander subgroups of pregnant women: Biospecimens repository cross-sectional study. BMC Rheumatol., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-021-00239-7"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s12018-011-9106-6","article-title":"Uric Acid Nephrolithiasis: A Systemic Metabolic Disorder","volume":"9","author":"Wiederkehr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2015.91","article-title":"Global epidemiology of gout: Prevalence, incidence and risk factors","volume":"11","author":"Kuo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39449.819271.BE","article-title":"Soft drinks, fructose consumption, and the risk of gout in men: Prospective cohort study","volume":"336","author":"Choi","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-006-9029-3","article-title":"\u201cWe are out of balance here\u201d: A Hmong cultural model of diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Her","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immigr. Minority Health"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.10.029","article-title":"US Immigration Westernizes the Human Gut Microbiome","volume":"175","author":"Vangay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20602","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20602","article-title":"Intestinal Microbiota Distinguish Gout Patients from Healthy Humans","volume":"6","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2020.07.008","article-title":"Gender and Ethnic Inequities in Gout Burden and Management","volume":"46","author":"Guillen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e017542","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017542","article-title":"Rate of adherence to urate-lowering therapy among patients with gout: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000779","article-title":"The role of diet in hyperuricemia and gout","volume":"33","author":"Yokose","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e033726","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033726","article-title":"What factors contribute to uncontrolled gout and hospital admission? A qualitative study of inpatients and their primary care practitioners","volume":"9","author":"Kong","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.210950","article-title":"Why Do Patients with Gout Not Take Allopurinol?","volume":"49","author":"Emad","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"71","article-title":"The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy Scripts: Perspectives on the Epidemiology of Gout and Hyperuricemia","volume":"78","author":"Roman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hawaii J. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-012-0307-x","article-title":"Racial and gender disparities among patients with gout","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.11.011","article-title":"Adherence and Outcomes with Urate-Lowering Therapy: A Site-Randomized Trial","volume":"132","author":"Mikuls","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-019-04333-5","article-title":"Pharmacist-managed titration of urate-lowering therapy to streamline gout management","volume":"39","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/15-234","article-title":"A Pharmacist-Staffed, Virtual Gout Management Clinic for Achieving Target Serum Uric Acid Levels: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"20","author":"Goldfien","year":"2016","journal-title":"Perm. J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roman, Y.M. (2022). COVID-19 pandemic: The role of community-based pharmacy practice in health equity. Int. J. Clin. Pharm.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-022-01440-5"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32158-5","article-title":"Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of nurse-led care involving education and engagement of patients and a treat-to-target urate-lowering strategy versus usual care for gout: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"392","author":"Doherty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3390\/futurepharmacol2020011","article-title":"Pharmacogenetic Perspective for Optimal Gout Management","volume":"2","author":"Alrajeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Future Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.161","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines for human leukocyte antigen B (HLA-B) genotype and allopurinol dosing: 2015 update","volume":"99","author":"Saito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2014.97","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines for rasburicase therapy in the context of G6PD deficiency genotype","volume":"96","author":"Relling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1830","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline (CPIC) for CYP2C9 and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs","volume":"108","author":"Theken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"201","article-title":"ABCG2 loss-of-function polymorphism predicts poor response to allopurinol in patients with gout","volume":"17","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. J"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.89","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies ABCG2 (BCRP) as an allopurinol transporter and a determinant of drug response","volume":"97","author":"Wen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e31824aa681","article-title":"Polymorphism of genes involved in purine metabolism (XDH, AOX1, MOCOS) in kidney transplant recipients receiving azathioprine","volume":"34","author":"Kurzawski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Roman, Y., Culhane-Pera, K., Lo, M., Yang, S., Yang, J., Lo, M., and Straka, R. (2017). The Impact of Rs505802 for Slc22a12 on Oxipurinol and Uric Acid Disposition in Hmong Patients on Allopurinol from the Genetics of Hyperuricemia Therapy in Hmong (Gouth) Study. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Wiley-Blackwell."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003183","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGEN.120.003183","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics of the Efficacy and Safety of Colchicine in COLCOT","volume":"14","author":"Dube","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Genom. Precis. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs-2019-0198","article-title":"Challenges in pharmacotherapy for older adults: A framework for pharmacogenomics implementation","volume":"21","author":"Roman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs-2022-0009","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics and clinical cultural competency: Pathway to overcome the limitations of race","volume":"23","author":"Anderson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-012-2110-5","article-title":"The experience and impact of gout in Maori and Pacific people: A prospective observational study","volume":"32","author":"Dalbeth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/17\/3590\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:20:54Z","timestamp":1760142054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/17\/3590"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14173590"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14173590","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]}}}