{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:06:43Z","timestamp":1790806003239,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Research Council (ERC)","award":["648131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["648131"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council (ERC)","award":["847770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["847770"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council (ERC)","award":["81Z1710103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81Z1710103"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council (ERC)","award":["BMBF 01ZX1408A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMBF 01ZX1408A"]}]},{"name":"European Research Council (ERC)","award":["031L0239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["031L0239"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["648131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["648131"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["847770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["847770"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["81Z1710103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81Z1710103"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["BMBF 01ZX1408A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMBF 01ZX1408A"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["031L0239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["031L0239"]}]},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.)","award":["648131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["648131"]}]},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.)","award":["847770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["847770"]}]},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.)","award":["81Z1710103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81Z1710103"]}]},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.)","award":["BMBF 01ZX1408A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMBF 01ZX1408A"]}]},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.)","award":["031L0239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["031L0239"]}]},{"name":"German Ministry of Research and Education","award":["648131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["648131"]}]},{"name":"German Ministry of Research and Education","award":["847770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["847770"]}]},{"name":"German Ministry of Research and Education","award":["81Z1710103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81Z1710103"]}]},{"name":"German Ministry of Research and Education","award":["BMBF 01ZX1408A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMBF 01ZX1408A"]}]},{"name":"German Ministry of Research and Education","award":["031L0239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["031L0239"]}]},{"name":"ERACoSysMed3","award":["648131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["648131"]}]},{"name":"ERACoSysMed3","award":["847770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["847770"]}]},{"name":"ERACoSysMed3","award":["81Z1710103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81Z1710103"]}]},{"name":"ERACoSysMed3","award":["BMBF 01ZX1408A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMBF 01ZX1408A"]}]},{"name":"ERACoSysMed3","award":["031L0239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["031L0239"]}]},{"name":"BMS\/Pfizer","award":["648131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["648131"]}]},{"name":"BMS\/Pfizer","award":["847770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["847770"]}]},{"name":"BMS\/Pfizer","award":["81Z1710103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81Z1710103"]}]},{"name":"BMS\/Pfizer","award":["BMBF 01ZX1408A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMBF 01ZX1408A"]}]},{"name":"BMS\/Pfizer","award":["031L0239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["031L0239"]}]},{"name":"Abbott Laboratories","award":["648131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["648131"]}]},{"name":"Abbott Laboratories","award":["847770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["847770"]}]},{"name":"Abbott Laboratories","award":["81Z1710103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81Z1710103"]}]},{"name":"Abbott Laboratories","award":["BMBF 01ZX1408A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMBF 01ZX1408A"]}]},{"name":"Abbott Laboratories","award":["031L0239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["031L0239"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A relationship between lifestyle, diet, and atrial fibrillation (AF) remains unclear. Except for alcohol consumption, AF guidelines do not differentiate specific advice for this rhythm disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between adherence to healthy dietary patterns and the presence of AF, among 104 low risk participants from the 1:1 matched case\u2013control AFHRI (Atrial Fibrillation in High-Risk Individuals) study. Dietary data were obtained using a three-day food record. Adapted German versions of the validated 14-item Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) and the validated eight-item Healthy Eating Index (HEI) from the Epic Study served as the basis for data derivation. The median age of the study participants was 63.0 years, 73.1% were men. In multivariable adjusted binary logistic regression analyses, we found inverse associations between both dietary indices (MEDAS: Median = 3, HEI: Median = 54.9) and the presence of AF (odds ratio for MEDAS: 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.47\u20130.91, odds ratio for HEI: 0.60, 95% CI 0.39\u20130.95). Further clinical studies are needed to confirm the extent to which high quality dietary patterns such as a Mediterranean diet influence the onset and natural history of AF, in order to provide dietary counselling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14173615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T00:19:01Z","timestamp":1662077941000},"page":"3615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Mediterranean Diet and Atrial Fibrillation: Lessons Learned from the AFHRI Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3107-075X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix Alexander","family":"Neumann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Midwifery Science - Health Services Research and Prevention, Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Jagemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Midwifery Science - Health Services Research and Prevention, Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nataliya","family":"Makarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Midwifery Science - Health Services Research and Prevention, Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Hamburg\/Kiel\/L\u00fcbeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christin Susanna","family":"B\u00f6rschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Hamburg\/Kiel\/L\u00fcbeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UHZ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghazal","family":"Aarabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6763-2270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Friederike","family":"Gutmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Delbr\u00fcck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Charit\u00e9platz 1, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a Cooperation between the Max-Delbr\u00fcck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charit\u00e9\u2014Metabolomics Platform, 13125 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7170-9509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renate B.","family":"Schnabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Hamburg\/Kiel\/L\u00fcbeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UHZ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5377-5956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birgit-Christiane","family":"Zyriax","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Midwifery Science - Health Services Research and Prevention, Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e28","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142014 update: A report from the American Heart Association","volume":"129","author":"Go","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1185\/030079905X65475","article-title":"Economic burden and co-morbidities of atrial fibrillation in a privately insured population","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.18.2370","article-title":"Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: National implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: The AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study","volume":"285","author":"Go","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005119","article-title":"Worldwide epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study","volume":"129","author":"Chugh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-020-00873-2","article-title":"Predicting Atrial Fibrillation with High Risk of Embolization with Atrial Strain and NT-proBNP","volume":"12","author":"Pagola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccl.2015.12.002","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke","volume":"34","author":"Pistoia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487317715769","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation and the risk for myocardial infarction, all-cause mortality and heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Ruddox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.01.022","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation in the 21st century: A current understanding of risk factors and primary prevention strategies","volume":"88","author":"Menezes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61774-8","article-title":"50 year trends in atrial fibrillation prevalence, incidence, risk factors, and mortality in the Framingham Heart Study: A cohort study","volume":"386","author":"Schnabel","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2012.03.043","article-title":"Importance of physical fitness on predictive effect of body mass index and weight gain on incident atrial fibrillation in healthy middle-age men","volume":"110","author":"Grundvold","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eus422","article-title":"Obesity is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation among fertile young women: A nationwide cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Karasoy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.02.029","article-title":"The long- and short-term impact of elevated body mass index on the risk of new atrial fibrillation the WHS (women\u2019s health study)","volume":"55","author":"Tedrow","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.10.004","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation and obesity--results of a meta-analysis","volume":"155","author":"Wanahita","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2019.08.009","article-title":"Meta-analysis of Effect of Modest (\u226510%) Weight Loss in Management of Overweight and Obese Patients with Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"124","author":"Aldaas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2015.11.016","article-title":"Body mass index and the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation in middle-aged adults","volume":"173","author":"Berkovitch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.2176","article-title":"Association Between Healthy Eating Patterns and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"180","author":"Shan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.006921","article-title":"Extravirgin olive oil consumption reduces risk of atrial fibrillation: The PREDIMED (Prevenci\u00f3n con Dieta Mediterr\u00e1nea) trial","volume":"130","author":"Toledo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1200303","article-title":"Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet","volume":"368","author":"Estruch","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw106","article-title":"2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts) Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR)","volume":"37","author":"Piepoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.03.048","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and risk of atrial fibrillation: A prospective study and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"Larsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa612","article-title":"2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC","volume":"42","author":"Hindricks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-018-1082-8","article-title":"The Impact of Diet and Lifestyle on Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"20","author":"Nalliah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1002\/joa3.12254","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation risk factor management with a plant-based diet: A review","volume":"35","author":"Storz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Arrhythm."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2011.03.005","article-title":"Adherence to Mediterranean diet and intake of antioxidants influence spontaneous conversion of atrial fibrillation","volume":"23","author":"Mattioli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487315624524","article-title":"Risk of atrial fibrillation associated with coffee intake: Findings from the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health study","volume":"23","author":"Mostofsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/11-020","article-title":"Coffee, Caffeine, and Risk of Hospitalization for Arrhythmias","volume":"15","author":"Klatsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Perm. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2013.12.026","article-title":"Caffeine intake and atrial fibrillation incidence: Dose response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"30","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, F.-R., Chen, G.-C., Qin, J., and Wu, X. (2017). Dietary Fish and Long-Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Intake and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation: A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9090955"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.1489","article-title":"Effect of Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Vitamin D Supplementation on Incident Atrial Fibrillation: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"325","author":"Albert","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735417721015","article-title":"Adherence to Mediterranean Diet and Metabolic Syndrome in BRCA Mutation Carriers","volume":"17","author":"Bruno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hebestreit, K., Yahiaoui-Doktor, M., Engel, C., Vetter, W., Siniatchkin, M., Erickson, N., Halle, M., Kiechle, M., and Bischoff, S.C. (2017). Validation of the German version of the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) questionnaire. BMC Cancer, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-017-3337-y"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiechle, M., Dukatz, R., Yahiaoui-Doktor, M., Berling, A., Basrai, M., Staiger, V., Niederberger, U., Marter, N., Lammert, J., and Grill, S. (2017). Feasibility of structured endurance training and Mediterranean diet in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers\u2014An interventional randomized controlled multicenter trial (LIBRE-1). BMC Cancer, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-017-3732-4"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz455","article-title":"2019 ESC\/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: Lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk","volume":"41","author":"Mach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.135566","article-title":"A short screener is valid for assessing Mediterranean diet adherence among older Spanish men and women","volume":"141","author":"Estruch","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2008.08.016","article-title":"Development of the Healthy Eating Index-2005","volume":"108","author":"Guenther","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.189407","article-title":"Higher diet quality is associated with decreased risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality among older adults","volume":"144","author":"Reedy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2013.767590","article-title":"Healthy eating index and cardiovascular risk factors among Iranians","volume":"32","author":"Haghighatdoost","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-019-00577-4","article-title":"Rationale and Design of the Hamburg City Health Study","volume":"35","author":"Jagodzinski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"French, S.A., Tangney, C.C., Crane, M.M., Wang, Y., and Appelhans, B.M. (2019). Nutrition quality of food purchases varies by household income: The SHoPPER study. BMC Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6546-2"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB","article-title":"International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity","volume":"35","author":"Craig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"450","article-title":"Die Bewertung der Lebensmittelaufnahme mittels eines, Healthy Eating Index\u2018 (HEI-EPIC)","volume":"7","author":"Illner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ern\u00e4hrungsumschau"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1177\/00045632211050531","article-title":"Best practice in statistics: The use of log transformation","volume":"59","author":"West","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b2393","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2393","article-title":"Multiple imputation for missing data in epidemiological and clinical research: Potential and pitfalls","volume":"338","author":"Sterne","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Baranzini, D. (2022, March 16). SPSS Single Dataframe Aggregating SPSS Multiply Imputed Split Files. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Daniele_Baranzini\/publication\/328887514_SPSS_Single_dataframe_aggregating_SPSS_Multiply_Imputed_split_files\/data\/5be9a1cf299bf1124fce0d62\/The-Bar-Procedure.docx."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Hinkle, D.E., Wiersma, W., and Jurs, S.G. (2003). Applied Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, Houghton Mifflin Company. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tersch\u00fcren, C., Damerau, L., Petersen, E.L., Harth, V., Augustin, M., and Zyriax, B.-C. (2021). Association of Dietary Pattern, Lifestyle and Chronotype with Metabolic Syndrome in Elderly-Lessons from the Population-Based Hamburg City Health Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010377"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"I\/31","article-title":"The benefit of the Mediterranean diet\u2014Considerations to modify German food patterns","volume":"43","author":"Dorandt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.6969","article-title":"Associations of Processed Meat, Unprocessed Red Meat, Poultry, or Fish Intake with Incident Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality","volume":"180","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e020167","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020167","article-title":"Randomised trial of coconut oil, olive oil or butter on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women","volume":"8","author":"Khaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.6.1261","article-title":"Diet quality and major chronic disease risk in men and women: Moving toward improved dietary guidance","volume":"76","author":"McCullough","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"869","article-title":"Dietary Patterns and Overweight\/Obesity: A Review Article","volume":"46","author":"Mu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000532","article-title":"The role of diet for prevention and management of hypertension","volume":"33","author":"Ozemek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/17\/3615\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:21:47Z","timestamp":1760142107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/17\/3615"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14173615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14173615","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}}}