{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:01:01Z","timestamp":1787029261545,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]],"date-time":"2022-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP 17K00881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 17K00881"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP 20H01617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 20H01617"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP21H03202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21H03202"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fish and omega-3 fatty acid consumption is known to be beneficial for cardiometabolic health. However, the related evidence for individuals with a relatively higher intake of fish or omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids, e.g., Japanese individuals, is scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the association of fish and omega-3 fatty acid intakes with the carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT) in the Japanese population. In total, 1803 Japanese men and women aged 30\u201384 years without a history of myocardial infarction or angina pectoris were included in the study. The fish and omega-3 fatty acid intakes were estimated using food frequency questionnaires. The C-IMT was measured using ultrasound imaging, and the participants were classified into three groups: normal, moderate (1.1 to 1.4 mm of maximum C-IMT), and severely increased C-IMT (\u22651.5 mm). Multinomial logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of the presence of moderately and severely increased C-IMT. The omega-3 fatty acid intake was shown to be associated with lower odds of severely increased C-IMT. The multivariable-adjusted OR (95%CI) was 0.55 (0.31\u20130.97; p for trend = 0.04). We also found a borderline significant negative association between fish intake and the presence of severely increased C-IMT. In conclusion, omega-3 fatty acid intake might protect against the development of atherosclerosis in the Japanese population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14173644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T01:51:57Z","timestamp":1662515517000},"page":"3644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Association of Fish and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake with Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Middle-Aged to Elderly Japanese Men and Women: The Toon Health Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Koutatsu","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Community Health and Nutrition, Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salsabila","family":"Khairunnisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Community Health and Nutrition, Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2521-9557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isao","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu 879-5503, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Tanigawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyohide","family":"Tomooka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satomi","family":"Minato-Inokawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Community Health and Nutrition, Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madoka","family":"Sano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon 791-0295, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misaki","family":"Takakado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon 791-0295, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryoichi","family":"Kawamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon 791-0295, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasunori","family":"Takata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon 791-0295, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruhiko","family":"Osawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon 791-0295, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, B., Xiong, K., Cai, J., and Ma, A. 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