{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:14:13Z","timestamp":1791818053671,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Megalin is an endocytic receptor abundantly expressed in proximal tubular epithelial cells and other calciotropic extrarenal cells expressing vitamin D metabolizing enzymes, such as bone and parathyroid cells. The receptor functions in the uptake of the vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) complexed to 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3), facilitating the intracellular conversion of precursor 25(OH)D3 to the active 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). The significance of renal megalin-mediated reabsorption of 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 has been well established experimentally, and other studies have demonstrated relevant roles of extrarenal megalin in regulating vitamin D homeostasis in mammary cells, fat, muscle, bone, and mesenchymal stem cells. Parathyroid gland megalin may regulate calcium signaling, suggesting intriguing possibilities for megalin-mediated cross-talk between calcium and vitamin D regulation in the parathyroid; however, parathyroid megalin functionality has not been assessed in the context of vitamin D. Within various models of chronic kidney disease (CKD), megalin expression appears to be downregulated; however, contradictory results have been observed between human and rodent models. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge of megalin function in the context of vitamin D metabolism, with an emphasis on extrarenal megalin, an area that clearly requires further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T01:40:13Z","timestamp":1662601213000},"page":"3690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Megalin and Vitamin D Metabolism\u2014Implications in Non-Renal Tissues and Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sono S.","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Petkovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel M.","family":"Holden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3V6, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3V6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2014_1830","article-title":"The Renaissance of Vitamin D","volume":"61","author":"Wierzbicka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F8","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00336.2004","article-title":"Vitamin D","volume":"289","author":"Dusso","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-10-3-294","article-title":"Vitamin D Binding Protein (Gc-Globulin)*","volume":"10","author":"Cooke","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10518.x","article-title":"The Purification and Characterisation of the Human-Serum Binding Protein for the 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol (Transcalciferin) Identity with Group-Specific Component","volume":"66","author":"Bouillon","year":"1976","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-43-1-86","article-title":"Human Serum Binding Capacity and Affinity for 25-Hydroxyergocalciferol and 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol","volume":"43","author":"HADDAD","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-63-4-954","article-title":"Assessment of the Free Fraction of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in Serum and Its Regulation by Albumin and the Vitamin D-Binding Protein","volume":"63","author":"Bikle","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110072","article-title":"Influence of the Vitamin D-Binding Protein on the Serum Concentration of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"67","author":"Bouillon","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00910","article-title":"Vitamin D Binding Protein: A Historic Overview","volume":"10","author":"Bouillon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00430a051","article-title":"Calcitroic Acid, End Product of Renal Metabolism of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 through C-24 Oxidation Pathway","volume":"28","author":"Reddy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s12018-009-9033-y","article-title":"Extra Renal Synthesis of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D and Its Health Implications","volume":"7","author":"Bikle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Bone Min. Metab."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1038\/228764a0","article-title":"Unique Biosynthesis by Kidney of a Biological Active Vitamin D Metabolite","volume":"228","author":"Fraser","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2018.02.004","article-title":"Physiologic and Pathophysiologic Roles of Extra Renal CYP27b1: Case Report and Review","volume":"8","author":"Bikle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3858","article-title":"The Role of Vitamin D Receptor in Innate and Adaptive Immunity: A Study in Hereditary Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets Patients","volume":"98","author":"Tiosano","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V82.4.1300.1300","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Production and Vitamin D3 Receptor Expression Are Developmentally Regulated during Differentiation of Human Monocytes into Macrophages","volume":"82","author":"Kreutz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(93)81809-E","article-title":"Vitamin D Is a Membrane Antioxidant. Ability to Inhibit Iron-Dependent Lipid Peroxidation in Liposomes Compared to Cholesterol, Ergosterol and Tamoxifen and Relevance to Anticancer Action","volume":"326","author":"Wiseman","year":"1993","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2019.01.003","article-title":"Vitamin D Prevents Experimental Lung Fibrosis and Predicts Survival in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"55","author":"Tzilas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pulm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2005.06.018","article-title":"Vitamin D and Prevention of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"97","author":"Gorham","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002902","article-title":"Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Health","volume":"128","author":"Lavie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03401332","article-title":"Vitamin D and Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Harinarayan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeffery, L.E., Qureshi, O.S., Gardner, D., Hou, T.Z., Briggs, Z., Soskic, B., Baker, J., Raza, K., and Sansom, D.M. (2015). Vitamin D Antagonises the Suppressive Effect of Inflammatory Cytokines on CTLA-4 Expression and Regulatory Function. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131539"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2013.12.016","article-title":"Vitamin D Metabolism, Mechanism of Action, and Clinical Applications","volume":"21","author":"Bikle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.4.887","article-title":"Human Mammary Epithelial Cells Express CYP27B1 and Are Growth Inhibited by 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-3, the Major Circulating Form of Vitamin D-3","volume":"136","author":"Kemmis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1366","article-title":"Placental CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 Expression in Human Placental Tissue and Their Association with Maternal and Neonatal Calcitropic Hormones","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2010.03.021","article-title":"Bone CYP27B1 Gene Expression Is Increased with High Dietary Calcium and in Mineralising Osteoblasts","volume":"121","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-011-9195-z","article-title":"Vitamin D Metabolism and Signaling in the Immune System","volume":"13","author":"White","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chanakul, A., Zhang, M.Y.H., Louw, A., Armbrecht, H.J., Miller, W.L., Portale, A.A., and Perwad, F. (2013). FGF-23 Regulates CYP27B1 Transcription in the Kidney and in Extra-Renal Tissues. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072816"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2015.11.007","article-title":"Megalin and Cubilin in Proximal Tubule Protein Reabsorption: From Experimental Models to Human Disease","volume":"89","author":"Nielsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2786251","article-title":"Autoimmune Target in Heymann Nephritis Is a Glycoprotein with Homology to the LDL Receptor","volume":"244","author":"Raychowdhury","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1996.0132u.x","article-title":"Cloning and Sequencing of Human Gp330, a Ca(2+)-Binding Receptor with Potential Intracellular Signaling Properties","volume":"239","author":"Murray","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9725","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.21.9725","article-title":"Complete Cloning and Sequencing of Rat Gp330\/\"megalin,\" a Distinctive Member of the Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Gene Family","volume":"91","author":"Saito","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1105","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00514.2002","article-title":"Identification of an Apical Sorting Determinant in the Cytoplasmic Tail of Megalin","volume":"284","author":"Takeda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4984","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e03-06-0385","article-title":"The Adaptor Protein ARH Escorts Megalin to and through Endosomes","volume":"14","author":"Nagai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44044","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M208539200","article-title":"ARH Is a Modular Adaptor Protein That Interacts with the LDL Receptor, Clathrin, and AP-2","volume":"277","author":"He","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5309","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e08-07-0712","article-title":"The AP-2 Adaptor \u03922 Appendage Scaffolds Alternate Cargo Endocytosis","volume":"19","author":"Keyel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3470613","article-title":"Cytosolic Adaptor Protein Dab2 Is an Intracellular Ligand of Endocytic Receptor Gp600\/Megalin","volume":"347","author":"Oleinikov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V134918","article-title":"GAIP, GIPC and Galphai3 Are Concentrated in Endocytic Compartments of Proximal Tubule Cells: Putative Role in Regulating Megalin\u2019s Function","volume":"13","author":"Lou","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5557","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.18.5557","article-title":"The Pathogenic Antigen of Heymann Nephritis Is a Membrane Glycoprotein of the Renal Proximal Tubule Brush Border","volume":"79","author":"Kerjaschki","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"500","article-title":"Ultrastructural Localization by Monoclonal Antibodies of Brush Border Antigens Expressed by Glomeruli. I. Renal Distribution","volume":"122","author":"Chatelet","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"349","article-title":"Segmental Distribution of the Endocytosis Receptor Gp330 in Renal Proximal Tubules","volume":"66","author":"Christensen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.157.2.667","article-title":"Immunocytochemical Localization of the Heymann Nephritis Antigen (GP330) in Glomerular Epithelial Cells of Normal Lewis Rats","volume":"157","author":"Kerjaschki","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18018","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.662064","article-title":"Megalin\/Cubulin-Lysosome-Mediated Albumin Reabsorption Is Involved in the Tubular Cell Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome and Tubulointerstitial Inflammation","volume":"290","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1177\/002215549704500306","article-title":"Tissue Distribution of Human Gp330\/Megalin, a Putative Ca(2+)-Sensing Protein","volume":"45","author":"Lundgren","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-014-1919-4","article-title":"Megalin\u2013Deficiency Causes High Myopia, Retinal Pigment Epithelium-Macromelanosomes and Abnormal Development of the Ciliary Body in Mice","volume":"358","author":"Storm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M400235-JLR200","article-title":"Megalin and Cubilin Expression in Gallbladder Epithelium and Regulation by Bile Acids","volume":"45","author":"Erranz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E900","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2001.281.5.E900","article-title":"Cubilin and Megalin Expression and Their Interaction in the Rat Intestine: Effect of Thyroidectomy","volume":"281","author":"Yammani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26497","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.42.26497","article-title":"Characterization of an Epithelial Approximately 460-KDa Protein That Facilitates Endocytosis of Intrinsic Factor-Vitamin B12 and Binds Receptor-Associated Protein","volume":"272","author":"Birn","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"F900","article-title":"Megalin\/Gp330 Mediates Uptake of Albumin in Renal Proximal Tubule","volume":"271","author":"Cui","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V132423","article-title":"Megalin and Cubilin Are Endocytic Receptors Involved in Renal Clearance of Hemoglobin","volume":"13","author":"Gburek","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V9101759","article-title":"Megalin Is an Endocytic Receptor for Insulin","volume":"9","author":"Orlando","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V104685","article-title":"Evidence for an Essential Role of Megalin in Transepithelial Transport of Retinol","volume":"10","author":"Christensen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80655-8","article-title":"An Endocytic Pathway Essential for Renal Uptake and Activation of the Steroid 25-(OH) Vitamin D3","volume":"96","author":"Nykjaer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00314.x","article-title":"Cubilin- and Megalin-Mediated Uptake of Albumin in Cultured Proximal Tubule Cells of Opossum Kidney","volume":"58","author":"Zhai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.167.1.213","article-title":"Characterization of a 280-KD Protein Restricted to the Coated Pits of the Renal Brush Border and the Epithelial Cells of the Yolk Sac. Teratogenic Effect of the Specific Monoclonal Antibodies","volume":"167","author":"Sahali","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1654","article-title":"Comparative Immunochemistry and Ontogeny of Two Closely Related Coated Pit Proteins. The 280-Kd Target of Teratogenic Antibodies and the 330-Kd Target of Nephritogenic Antibodies","volume":"142","author":"Sahali","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-08-2852","article-title":"The Functional Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)-Intrinsic Factor Receptor Is a Novel Complex of Cubilin and Amnionless","volume":"103","author":"Fyfe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2004110925","article-title":"Contribution of Cubilin and Amnionless to Processing and Membrane Targeting of Cubilin\u2013Amnionless Complex","volume":"16","author":"Coudroy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20070919","article-title":"Interactions of Cubilin with Megalin and the Product of the Amnionless Gene (AMN): Effect on Its Stability","volume":"410","author":"Ahuja","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1159\/000199446","article-title":"Cubilin and Megalin Co-Localize in the Neonatal Inner Ear","volume":"14","author":"Tauris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurootol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1038\/9504","article-title":"The Intrinsic Factor\u2013Vitamin B12 Receptor, Cubilin, Is a High-Affinity Apolipoprotein A-I Receptor Facilitating Endocytosis of High-Density Lipoprotein","volume":"5","author":"Kozyraki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1009804","article-title":"A Patient with Cubilin Deficiency","volume":"364","author":"Storm","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010050492","article-title":"Cubilin Is Essential for Albumin Reabsorption in the Renal Proximal Tubule","volume":"21","author":"Amsellem","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13895","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.241516998","article-title":"Cubilin Dysfunction Causes Abnormal Metabolism of the Steroid Hormone 25(OH) Vitamin D3","volume":"98","author":"Nykjaer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2010.03.087","article-title":"The Role of Cubilin Gene Polymorphisms and Their Influence on 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 Plasma Levels in Type 1 Diabetes Patients","volume":"121","author":"Lange","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-109-1-218","article-title":"Conversion of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 to 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in Renal Slices from the Rat","volume":"109","author":"Armbrecht","year":"1981","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5333.1827","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1alpha-Hydroxylase and Vitamin D Synthesis","volume":"277","author":"Takeyama","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-10-3-232","article-title":"The Free Hormone Hypothesis: A Physiologically Based Mathematical Model","volume":"10","author":"Mendel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3656","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-0042","article-title":"Vitamin D-Binding Protein Influences Total Circulating Levels of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 but Does Not Directly Modulate the Bioactive Levels of the Hormone in Vivo","volume":"149","author":"Zella","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118176","article-title":"Evidence That Epithelial Glycoprotein 330\/Megalin Mediates Uptake of Polybasic Drugs","volume":"96","author":"Moestrup","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8612","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.16.8612","article-title":"Megalin-Mediated Endocytosis of Transcobalamin-Vitamin-B12 Complexes Suggests a Role of the Receptor in Vitamin-B12 Homeostasis","volume":"93","author":"Moestrup","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65238-8","article-title":"Megalin Knockout Mice as an Animal Model of Low Molecular Weight Proteinuria","volume":"155","author":"Leheste","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0578fje","article-title":"Hypocalcemia and Osteopathy in Mice with Kidney-Specific Megalin Gene Defect","volume":"17","author":"Leheste","year":"2003","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00243","article-title":"Functional Interaction of Megalin with the Megalinbinding Protein (MegBP), a Novel Tetratrico Peptide Repeat-Containing Adaptor Molecule","volume":"116","author":"Petersen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"PE12","DOI":"10.1126\/stke.2003.176.pe12","article-title":"Integration of Endocytosis and Signal Transduction by Lipoprotein Receptors","volume":"2003","author":"May","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sci. STKE"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000298","article-title":"Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis of Megalin: Linking Urinary Protein and Gene Regulation in Proximal Tubule?","volume":"69","author":"Biemesderfer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013090950","article-title":"The Proximal Tubule and Albuminuria: Really!","volume":"25","author":"Dickson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.14573\/altex.1803161","article-title":"Reevaluating the Role of Megalin in Renal Vitamin D Homeostasis Using a Human Cell-Derived Microphysiological System","volume":"35","author":"Chapron","year":"2018","journal-title":"ALTEX"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berkowska, K., Corcoran, A., Grudzie\u0144, M., Jakuszak, A., Chody\u0144ski, M., Kutner, A., and Marcinkowska, E. (2019). Investigating the Role of VDR and Megalin in Semi-Selectivity of Side-Chain Modified 19-nor Analogs of Vitamin D. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20174183"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8460","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.16.8460","article-title":"Defective Forebrain Development in Mice Lacking Gp330\/Megalin","volume":"93","author":"Willnow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.06.032","article-title":"Role of Endocytosis in Cellular Uptake of Sex Steroids","volume":"122","author":"Hammes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7125","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.10.7125","article-title":"Role of Megalin (Gp330) in Transcytosis of Thyroglobulin by Thyroid Cells: A novel function in the control of thyroid hormone release","volume":"275","author":"Zheng","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12898","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.18.12898","article-title":"Megalin (Gp330) Is an Endocytic Receptor for Thyroglobulin on Cultured Fisher Rat Thyroid Cells","volume":"274","author":"Zheng","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2795(199907)53:3<282::AID-MRD4>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Expression and Regulation of LRP-2\/Megalin in Epithelial Cells Lining the Efferent Ducts and Epididymis during Postnatal Development","volume":"53","author":"Hermo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.20174","article-title":"Immunolocalization of Cubilin, Megalin, Apolipoprotein J, and Apolipoprotein A-I in the Uterus and Oviduct","volume":"69","author":"Argraves","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.1994.1153","article-title":"A Protein Involved in Calcium Sensing of the Human Parathyroid and Placental Cytotrophoblast Cells Belongs to the LDL-Receptor Protein Superfamily","volume":"212","author":"Lundgren","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4119","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03306.x","article-title":"Surface Location and High Affinity for Calcium of a 500-Kd Liver Membrane Protein Closely Related to the LDL-Receptor Suggest a Physiological Role as Lipoprotein Receptor","volume":"7","author":"Herz","year":"1988","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1177\/40.10.1382088","article-title":"Renal Tubule Gp330 Is a Calcium Binding Receptor for Endocytic Uptake of Protein","volume":"40","author":"Christensen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3513311","article-title":"A Receptor-Mediated Pathway for Cholesterol Homeostasis","volume":"232","author":"Brown","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2013.02.006","article-title":"Role of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor in Extracellular Calcium Homeostasis","volume":"27","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.159","article-title":"Ablation of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor in Keratinocytes Impairs Epidermal Differentiation and Barrier Function","volume":"132","author":"Tu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00451","article-title":"Cross Talk between the Calcium-Sensing Receptor and the Vitamin D System in Prevention of Cancer","volume":"7","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(87)91391-X","article-title":"Monoclonal Anti-Parathyroid Antibodies Interfering with a Ca2+-Sensor of Human Parathyroid Cells","volume":"143","author":"Juhlin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.9.2990","article-title":"Monoclonal Antibodies with Exclusive Reactivity against Parathyroid Cells and Tubule Cells of the Kidney","volume":"84","author":"Juhlin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(92)90381-6","article-title":"Parathyroid-like Regulation of Parathyroid-Hormone-Related Protein Release and Cytoplasmic Calcium in Cytotrophoblast Cells of Human Placenta","volume":"293","author":"Hellman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-122-6-2999","article-title":"Hyperparathyroidism Is Associated with Reduced Expression of a Parathyroid Calcium Receptor Mechanism Defined by Monoclonal Antiparathyroid Antibodies","volume":"122","author":"Juhlin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.7.2425S","article-title":"Vitamin D-3 Receptor as a Target for Breast Cancer Prevention","volume":"133","author":"Welsh","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.11.2754","article-title":"Megalin-Mediated Endocytosis of Vitamin D Binding Protein Correlates with 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol Actions in Human Mammary Cells","volume":"136","author":"Rowling","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.7.1323","article-title":"Retinoids Modulate Expression of the Endocytic Partners Megalin, Cubilin, and Disabled-2 and Uptake of Vitamin D-Binding Protein in Human Mammary Cells","volume":"138","author":"Chlon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/21.7.1555","article-title":"Dual Roles for the Dab2 Adaptor Protein in Embryonic Development and Kidney Transport","volume":"21","author":"Morris","year":"2002","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2013.805422","article-title":"Vitamin D Transport Proteins Megalin and Disabled-2 Are Expressed in Prostate and Colon Epithelial Cells and Are Induced and Activated by All-Trans-Retinoic Acid","volume":"65","author":"Ternes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-2245","article-title":"Evidence for a Specific Uptake and Retention Mechanism for 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) in Skeletal Muscle Cells","volume":"154","author":"Abboud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.10.020","article-title":"Uptake of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D by Muscle and Fat Cells","volume":"144","author":"Abboud","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7684","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201802578R","article-title":"Megalin Mediates 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Actions in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"33","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.02.024","article-title":"Metabolism of Vitamin D3 in Human Osteoblasts: Evidence for Autocrine and Paracrine Activities of 1\u03b1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"40","author":"Atkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)50216-2","article-title":"Receptor-Mediated Uptake and Processing of Vitamin D-Binding Protein in Human B-Lymphoid Cells","volume":"267","author":"Esteban","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"210","article-title":"Treatment Options of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3 and 4: An Historic Review","volume":"6","author":"Bolasco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Cases Min. Bone Metab."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02068-6","article-title":"FGF23\/FGFR4-Mediated Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Is Reversible","volume":"7","author":"Grabner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-013-0637-2","article-title":"Calcitriol Resistance in Hemodialysis Patients with Secondary Hyperparathyroidism","volume":"46","author":"Negri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.63.s85.3.x","article-title":"Vitamin D Receptor: Mechanisms for Vitamin D Resistance in Renal Failure","volume":"63","author":"Dusso","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.655739","article-title":"Vitamin D Resistance as a Possible Cause of Autoimmune Diseases: A Hypothesis Confirmed by a Therapeutic High-Dose Vitamin D Protocol","volume":"12","author":"Lemke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00114.x","article-title":"Gene Expression of Vitamin D Hydroxylase and Megalin in the Remnant Kidney of Nephrectomized Rats","volume":"64","author":"Takemoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V10122465","article-title":"Expression of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-Hydroxylase in the Human Kidney","volume":"10","author":"Zehnder","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.3.350","article-title":"Renal and Nonrenal 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-Hydroxylases and Their Clinical Significance","volume":"13","author":"Bell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huby, A.-C., Rastaldi, M.-P., Caron, K., Smithies, O., Dussaule, J.-C., and Chatziantoniou, C. (2009). Restoration of Podocyte Structure and Improvement of Chronic Renal Disease in Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Renin. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006721"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-0886","article-title":"Regulation of Megalin Expression in Cultured Proximal Tubule Cells by Angiotensin II Type 1A Receptor- and Insulin-Mediated Signaling Cross Talk","volume":"150","author":"Hosojima","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44911","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44911","article-title":"Angiotensin II Induces Kidney Inflammatory Injury and Fibrosis through Binding to Myeloid Differentiation Protein-2 (MD2)","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F285","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00288.2020","article-title":"Urinary DPP4 Correlates with Renal Dysfunction, and DPP4 Inhibition Protects against the Reduction in Megalin and Podocin Expression in Experimental CKD","volume":"320","author":"Benetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-020-00835-9","article-title":"Downregulation of Megalin, Cubilin, ClC-5 and Podocin in Fabry Nephropathy: Potential Implications in the Decreased Effectiveness of Enzyme Replacement Therapy","volume":"34","author":"Trimarchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1297","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.90761.2008","article-title":"Renal Mass Reduction Results in Accumulation of Lipids and Dysregulation of Lipid Regulatory Proteins in the Remnant Kidney","volume":"296","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F988","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00295.2020","article-title":"Beyond the Tubule: Pathological Variants of LRP2, Encoding the Megalin Receptor, Result in Glomerular Loss and Early Progressive Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"319","author":"Charlton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"1138","article-title":"Chronic Kidney Disease: Detection and Evaluation","volume":"84","author":"Baumgarten","year":"2011","journal-title":"AFP"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs462","article-title":"Renal Phenotypic Investigations of Megalin-Deficient Patients: Novel Insights into Tubular Proteinuria and Albumin Filtration","volume":"28","author":"Storm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1998.00253.x","article-title":"Regulation of Gp330\/Megalin Expression by Vitamins A and D","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.543","article-title":"Defective Renal Maintenance of the Vitamin D Endocrine System Impairs Vitamin D Renoprotection: A Downward Spiral in Kidney Disease","volume":"79","author":"Dusso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.13457","article-title":"Mineral Bone Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"23","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.05.005","article-title":"Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"25","author":"Dusso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2011.30","article-title":"Kidney Disease and Vitamin D Levels: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D, and VDR Activation","volume":"1","author":"Dusso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2014.29.4.416","article-title":"Vitamin D and Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2012.12.016","article-title":"Impaired Vitamin D Metabolism in CKD","volume":"33","author":"Bosworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milani, C., Katayama, M.L.H., de Lyra, E.C., Welsh, J., Campos, L.T., Brentani, M.M., Maciel, M.D.S., Roela, R.A., del Valle, P.R., and G\u00f3es, J.C.G.S. (2013). Transcriptional Effects of 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Physiological and Supra-Physiological Concentrations in Breast Cancer Organotypic Culture. BMC Cancer, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-13-119"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612003400498","article-title":"Anti-Tumor Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Vitamin D Analogs","volume":"6","author":"Pols","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgi049","article-title":"22-Oxa-1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Inhibits Metastasis and Angiogenesis in Lung Cancer","volume":"26","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024487118457","article-title":"Vitamin D Growth Inhibition of Breast Cancer Cells: Gene Expression Patterns Assessed by CDNA Microarray","volume":"80","author":"Swami","year":"2003","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.1.164","article-title":"Diabetic Nephropathy: Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment","volume":"28","author":"Gross","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E959","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00218.2010","article-title":"Vitamin D Homeostasis Is Compromised Due to Increased Urinary Excretion of the 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol-Vitamin D-Binding Protein Complex in the Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rat","volume":"299","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269378","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/269378","article-title":"Dysregulation of the Intrarenal Vitamin D Endocytic Pathway in a Nephropathy-Prone Mouse Model of Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"2011","author":"Fowlkes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1018","article-title":"Evidence for a Role of Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-Beta1 in the Induction of Postglomerular Albuminuria in Diabetic Nephropathy: Amelioration by Soluble TGF-Beta Type II Receptor","volume":"56","author":"Russo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s004180100317","article-title":"Reduced Albumin Reabsorption in the Proximal Tubule of Early-Stage Diabetic Rats","volume":"116","author":"Tojo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0980","article-title":"Enhanced Excretion of Vitamin D Binding Protein in Type 1 Diabetes: A Role in Vitamin D Deficiency?","volume":"96","author":"Thrailkill","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0112","article-title":"Microalbuminuria in Type 1 Diabetes Is Associated with Enhanced Excretion of the Endocytic Multiligand Receptors Megalin and Cubilin","volume":"32","author":"Thrailkill","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1684","article-title":"Significance of Urinary Full-Length and Ectodomain Forms of Megalin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Ogasawara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-1031","article-title":"Exocytosis-Mediated Urinary Full-Length Megalin Excretion Is Linked With the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"66","author":"De","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38613-8","article-title":"Significance of Urinary C-Megalin Excretion in Vitamin D Metabolism in Pre-Dialysis CKD Patients","volume":"9","author":"Toi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/18\/3690\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:24:38Z","timestamp":1760142278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/18\/3690"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14183690"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14183690","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]}}}