{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:54:13Z","timestamp":1777388053810,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Verghese Kurien Centre for Excellence"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is conflicting evidence about the association between dairy products and cardiometabolic risk (CMR). We aimed to assess the association of total dairy intake with CMR factors and to investigate the association of unfermented and fermented dairy intake with CMR in Asian Indians who are known to have greater susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases compared to white Europeans. The study comprised 1033 Asian Indian adults with normal glucose tolerance chosen from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiological Study (CURES). Dietary intake was assessed using a validated open-ended semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Metabolic syndrome (MS) was diagnosed based on the new harmonising criteria using central obesity, dyslipidaemia [low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and increased serum triglycerides (TG)], hypertension and glucose intolerance. Increased consumption of dairy (\u22655 cups per day of total, \u22654 cups per day of unfermented or \u22652 cups per day of fermented dairy) was associated with a lower risk of high fasting plasma glucose (FPG) [hazards ratio (HR), 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.68, 0.48\u20130.96 for total dairy; 0.57, 0.34\u20130.94 for unfermented dairy; and 0.64, 0.46\u20130.90 for fermented dairy; p &lt; 0.05 for all] compared to a low dairy intake (\u22641.4 cups per day of total dairy; \u22641 cup per day of unfermented dairy; and \u22640.1 cup per day of fermented dairy). A total dairy intake of \u22655 cups per day was also protective against high blood pressure (BP) (HR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.43\u20130.99, p &lt; 0.05), low HDL (HR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.43\u20130.92, p &lt; 0.05) and MS (HR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.51\u20130.98, p &lt; 0.05) compared to an intake of \u22641.4 cups per day. A high unfermented dairy intake (\u22654 cups per day) was also associated with a lower risk of high body mass index (BMI) (HR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.31\u20130.88, p &lt; 0.05) compared to a low intake (\u22641 cup per day), while a reduced risk of MS was observed with a fermented dairy intake of \u22652 cups per day (HR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.51\u20130.98, p &lt; 0.05) compared to an intake of \u22640.1 cup per day. In summary, increased consumption of dairy was associated with a lower risk of MS and components of CMR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T01:40:13Z","timestamp":1662601213000},"page":"3699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Higher Intake of Dairy Is Associated with Lower Cardiometabolic Risks and Metabolic Syndrome in Asian Indians"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ramatu","family":"Wuni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nagarajan","family":"Lakshmipriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai 600086, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuzhandaivelu","family":"Abirami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai 600086, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduard Flores","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ranjit Mohan","family":"Anjana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai 600086, India"},{"name":"Dr. Mohan\u2019s Diabetes Specialties Centre, IDF Centre of Excellence in Diabetes Care, Chennai 600086, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1382-0609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasudevan","family":"Sudha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai 600086, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7261-0479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanmugam","family":"Shobana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai 600086, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ranjit","family":"Unnikrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Mohan\u2019s Diabetes Specialties Centre, IDF Centre of Excellence in Diabetes Care, Chennai 600086, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamala","family":"Krishnaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai 600086, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8485-8930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karani Santhanakrishnan","family":"Vimaleswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK"},{"name":"The Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health (IFNH), University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viswanathan","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai 600086, India"},{"name":"Dr. Mohan\u2019s Diabetes Specialties Centre, IDF Centre of Excellence in Diabetes Care, Chennai 600086, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-016-0098-6","article-title":"Interaction between FTO gene variants and lifestyle factors on metabolic traits in anAsian Indian population","volume":"13","author":"Vimaleswaran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. 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