{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T13:56:28Z","timestamp":1777643788980,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We aimed to describe body composition changes up to 6\u20137 months after severe COVID-19 and to evaluate their association with COVID-19 inflammatory burden, described by the integral of the C-reactive protein (CRP) curve. The pectoral muscle area (PMA) and density (PMD), liver-to-spleen (L\/S) ratio, and total, visceral, and intermuscular adipose tissue areas (TAT, VAT, and IMAT) were measured at baseline (T0), 2\u20133 months (T1), and 6\u20137 months (T2) follow-up CT scans of severe COVID-19 pneumonia survivors. Among the 208 included patients (mean age 65.6 \u00b1 11 years, 31.3% females), decreases in PMA [mean (95%CI) \u22121.11 (\u22121.72; \u22120.51) cm2] and in body fat areas were observed [\u22123.13 (\u221210.79; +4.52) cm2 for TAT], larger from T0 to T1 than from T1 to T2. PMD increased only from T1 to T2 [+3.07 (+2.08; +4.06) HU]. Mean decreases were more evident for VAT [\u22123.55 (\u22124.94; \u22122.17) cm2] and steatosis [L\/S ratio increase +0.17 (+0.13; +0.20)] than for TAT. In multivariable models adjusted by age, sex, and baseline TAT, increasing the CRP interval was associated with greater PMA reductions, smaller PMD increases, and greater VAT and steatosis decreases, but it was not associated with TAT decreases. In conclusion, muscle loss and fat loss (more apparent in visceral compartments) continue until 6\u20137 months after COVID-19. The inflammatory burden is associated with skeletal muscle loss and visceral\/liver fat loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T22:37:28Z","timestamp":1663108648000},"page":"3764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Modifications of Chest CT Body Composition Parameters at Three and Six Months after Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5319-5495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Besutti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Laboratory Medicine, Azienda USL\u2013IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Pellegrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1302-0329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Ottone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Unit, Azienda USL\u2013IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Efrem","family":"Bonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Laboratory Medicine, Azienda USL\u2013IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"},{"name":"Clinical Chemistry and Endocrinology Laboratory, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9184-306X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Monelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Laboratory Medicine, Azienda USL\u2013IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"},{"name":"Clinical and Experimental PhD Program, University of Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Far\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Laboratory Medicine, Azienda USL\u2013IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jovana","family":"Milic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modena HIV Metabolic Clinic, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Dolci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modena HIV Metabolic Clinic, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Fasano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Chemistry and Endocrinology Laboratory, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Canovi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Chemistry and Endocrinology Laboratory, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4645-0336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Costi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Directorate Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6435-9504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Fugazzaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Azienda USL\u2013IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Massari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda USL\u2013IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Ligabue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8622-0439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Croci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology, Allergy and Advanced Biotechnologies Unit, Azienda USL\u2013IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Salvarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Azienda USL\u2013IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierpaolo","family":"Pattacini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Laboratory Medicine, Azienda USL\u2013IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Guaraldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modena HIV Metabolic Clinic, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9703-2460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Giorgi Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Unit, Azienda USL\u2013IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2022, May 15). 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