{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T23:38:12Z","timestamp":1785800292271,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Peking University Medicine Fund for the world\u2019s leading discipline or discipline cluster development","award":["BMU2022XY030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMU2022XY030"]}]},{"name":"Peking University Medicine Fund for the world\u2019s leading discipline or discipline cluster development","award":["81973053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81973053"]}]},{"name":"Peking University Medicine Fund for the world\u2019s leading discipline or discipline cluster development","award":["BMU2022PY018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMU2022PY018"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BMU2022XY030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMU2022XY030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81973053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81973053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BMU2022PY018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMU2022PY018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Peking University Medicine Fund of Fostering Young Scholars\u2019 Scientific &amp; Technological Innovation","award":["BMU2022XY030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMU2022XY030"]}]},{"name":"Peking University Medicine Fund of Fostering Young Scholars\u2019 Scientific &amp; Technological Innovation","award":["81973053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81973053"]}]},{"name":"Peking University Medicine Fund of Fostering Young Scholars\u2019 Scientific &amp; Technological Innovation","award":["BMU2022PY018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMU2022PY018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Optimal Vitamin D (VitD) status and thyroid function are essential for pregnant women. This study aimed to explore associations between dynamic VitD status and thyroid function parameters in each trimester and throughout the pregnancy period. Information on all 8828 eligible participants was extracted from the Peking University Retrospective Birth Cohort in Tongzhou. Dynamic VitD status was represented as a combination of deficiency\/sufficiency in the first and second trimesters. Thyroid function was assessed in three trimesters. The associations between VitD and thyroid function were assessed by multiple linear regression and generalized estimating equation models in each trimester and throughout the pregnancy period, respectively. The results indicated that both free thyroxine (fT4; \u03b2 = 0.004; 95%CI: 0.003, 0.006; p &lt; 0.001) and free triiodothyronine (fT3; \u03b2 = 0.009; 95%CI: 0.004, 0.015; p = 0.001) had positive associations with VitD status in the first trimester. A VitD status that was sufficient in the first trimester and deficient in the second trimester had a lower TSH (\u03b2 = \u22120.370; 95%CI: \u22120.710, \u22120.031; p = 0.033) compared with the group with sufficient VitD for both first and second trimesters. In conclusion, the associations between VitD and thyroid parameters existed throughout the pregnancy. Maintaining an adequate concentration of VitD is critical to support optimal thyroid function during pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T22:37:28Z","timestamp":1663108648000},"page":"3780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Associations between Dynamic Vitamin D Level and Thyroid Function during Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7639-5702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0849-2903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai-Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyuan","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Tongzhou District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Tongzhou District, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heling","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0405-2348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6901-5030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuelong","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2016.1269309","article-title":"Thyroid in pregnancy: From physiology to screening","volume":"54","author":"Springer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.93","article-title":"Thyroid disease in pregnancy: New insights in diagnosis and clinical management","volume":"13","author":"Korevaar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1999.9.631","article-title":"What happens to the normal thyroid during pregnancy?","volume":"9","author":"Glinoer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0041","article-title":"Thyroid function and human reproductive health","volume":"31","author":"Krassas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00604-z","article-title":"Assessment and treatment of thyroid disorders in pregnancy and the postpartum period","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0457","article-title":"2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum","volume":"27","author":"Alexander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2019.03.017","article-title":"The molecular and clinical evidence of Vitamin D signaling as a modulator of the immune system: Role in Behcet\u2019s disease","volume":"210","author":"Shirvani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"F157","article-title":"Vitamin D","volume":"277","author":"Brown","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D. (2017). The Role of Vitamin D in Thyroid Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18091949"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.265","article-title":"Vitamin D and thyroid disease: To D or not to D?","volume":"69","author":"Muscogiuri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taheriniya, S., Arab, A., Hadi, A., Fadel, A., and Askari, G. (2021). Vitamin d and thyroid disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMC Endocr. Disord., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-021-00831-5"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.05.019","article-title":"High prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in urban health checkup population","volume":"35","author":"Ning","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2019.03.019","article-title":"An epidemiology survey of Vitamin D deficiency and its influencing factors","volume":"154","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C., Jing, W., Ge, S., and Sun, W. (2021). Vitamin D status and Vitamin D deficiency risk factors among pregnancy of Shanghai in China. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03889-0"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6295775","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6295775","article-title":"Correlation between Maternal Vitamin D and Thyroid Function in Pregnancy with Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"2022","author":"Ahi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2018.125","article-title":"Thyroid Function and 25 (OH) Vitamin D Level among Sudanese Women in Early Pregnancy","volume":"6","author":"Musa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2017.1393659","article-title":"Investigating the relationship between 25-hydroxyVitamin D and thyroid function in second-trimester pregnant women","volume":"34","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Miao, W., Li, C., Yu, X., Shan, Z., Guan, H., and Teng, W. (2014). Dynamic changes in serum 25-hydroxyVitamin D during pregnancy and lack of effect on thyroid parameters. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090161"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.07.046","article-title":"The individual and joint effects of maternal 25(OH)D deficiency and gestational diabetes on infant birth size","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"National Health and Family Planning Commission of People\u2019s Repulic of China (2013). Criteria of Weight for Adults."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.08.015","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation and incident preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"39","author":"Fogacci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.05.022","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"207","author":"Burris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574967","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.574967","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Function of Vitamin D and Its Role in Autoimmune Thyroid Disease","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.03.014","article-title":"Association of Thyroid Function During Pregnancy With the Risk of Pre-eclampsia and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2020.105669","article-title":"Vitamin D in pregnancy: Where we are and where we should go","volume":"201","author":"Kiely","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Wang, R., Mao, D., Chen, J., Li, M., Li, W., Yang, Y., Zhao, L., Zhang, J., and Piao, J. (2021). Vitamin D Nutritional Status of Chinese Pregnant Women, Comparing the Chinese National Nutrition Surveillance (CNHS) 2015\u20132017 with CNHS 2010\u20132012. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072237"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02528-w","article-title":"Associations between maternal Vitamin D status during three trimesters and cord blood 25(OH)D concentrations in newborns: A prospective Shanghai birth cohort study","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451100170X","article-title":"Vitamin D status in pregnant Indian women across trimesters and different seasons and its correlation with neonatal serum 25-hydroxyVitamin D levels","volume":"106","author":"Marwaha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.18.3.0300","article-title":"The regulation of thyroid function in pregnancy: Pathways of endocrine adaptation from physiology to pathology","volume":"18","author":"Glinoer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Negro, R. (2009). Significance and Management of Low TSH in Pregnancy, Georg Thieme Verlag."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"531","article-title":"A longitudinal study of serum TSH, and total and free iodothyronines during normal pregnancy","volume":"101","author":"Weeke","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1380536","article-title":"Thyroid size and thyroid function during pregnancy: An analysis","volume":"138","author":"Berghout","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"00099","article-title":"Correlation of Serum 25-HydroxyVitamin D and Thyroid Hormones in Pregnant Women in Amman-Jordan","volume":"4","author":"Nizar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Exp."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5072502","article-title":"Vitamin D and immune function","volume":"5","author":"Prietl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"343","article-title":"Immune intervention effects on the induction of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technol. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(90)90005-B","article-title":"In vivo beneficial effects of cyclosporin A and 1,25-dihydroxyVitamin D3 on the induction of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"54","author":"Fournier","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1191","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency modulates Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism induced in BALB\/c mice by thyrotropin receptor immunization","volume":"150","author":"Misharin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00219932","article-title":"Thyrotropes in the pituitary are target cells for 1,25 dihydroxy Vitamin D3","volume":"209","author":"Sar","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-114-2-330","article-title":"Direct in vitro effect of thyroid hormones on 25-hydroxyVitamin D3 metabolism in the perfused rat kidney","volume":"114","author":"Kano","year":"1984","journal-title":"Endocrinology"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/18\/3780\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:30:51Z","timestamp":1760142651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/18\/3780"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14183780"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14183780","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]}}}