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We aimed to determine whether vitamin D supplements might boost the immunogenicity and efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination by conducting three sub-studies nested within the CORONAVIT randomised controlled trial, which investigated the effects of offering vitamin D supplements at a dose of 800 IU\/day or 3200 IU\/day vs. no offer on risk of acute respiratory infections in UK adults with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations &lt;75 nmol\/L. Sub-study 1 (n = 2808) investigated the effects of vitamin D supplementation on the risk of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection following two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Sub-study 2 (n = 1853) investigated the effects of vitamin D supplementation on titres of combined IgG, IgA and IgM (IgGAM) anti-Spike antibodies in eluates of dried blood spots collected after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Sub-study 3 (n = 100) investigated the effects of vitamin D supplementation on neutralising antibody and cellular responses in venous blood samples collected after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. In total, 1945\/2808 (69.3%) sub-study 1 participants received two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Oxford\u2013AstraZeneca); the remainder received two doses of BNT162b2 (Pfizer). Mean follow-up 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly elevated in the 800 IU\/day vs. no-offer group (82.5 vs. 53.6 nmol\/L; mean difference 28.8 nmol\/L, 95% CI 22.8\u201334.8) and in the 3200 IU\/day vs. no offer group (105.4 vs. 53.6 nmol\/L; mean difference 51.7 nmol\/L, 45.1\u201358.4). Vitamin D supplementation did not influence the risk of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection in vaccinated participants (800 IU\/day vs. no offer: adjusted hazard ratio 1.28, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.84; 3200 IU\/day vs. no offer: 1.17, 0.81 to 1.70). Neither did it influence IgGAM anti-Spike titres, neutralising antibody titres or IFN-\u03b3 concentrations in the supernatants of S peptide-stimulated whole blood. In conclusion, vitamin D replacement at a dose of 800 or 3200 IU\/day effectively elevated 25(OH)D concentrations, but it did not influence the protective efficacy or immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination when given to adults who had a sub-optimal vitamin D status at baseline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T02:06:50Z","timestamp":1663553210000},"page":"3821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Vitamin D Supplementation Does Not Influence SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Efficacy or Immunogenicity: Sub-Studies Nested within the CORONAVIT Randomised Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"David A.","family":"Jolliffe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0816-9276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Vivaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AB, UK"},{"name":"Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0990-8835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma S.","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weigang","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0717-9069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenhao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9300-5569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sian E.","family":"Faustini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7238-2381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0626-2346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corinna","family":"Pade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7086-2621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna K.","family":"Coussens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of 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