{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T04:16:03Z","timestamp":1789532163757,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFG SFB940\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG SFB940\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Strict eating routines and frequent rigid behavior patterns are commonly observed in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). A recent theory proposes that while these behaviors may have been reinforced initially, they later become habitual. To date, however, research has been overly focused on eating-disorder (ED)-related habits. Over the course of seven days, we applied an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to investigate the habit frequency and strength of ED-specific (food intake) and ED-unspecific (hygiene) habits in the daily lives of a sample of n = 57 AN and n = 57 healthy controls (HC). The results of the hierarchical models revealed that habits were significantly more likely in patients compared with HC for both categories, independently. Furthermore, a lower body mass index (BMI) was associated with increased habit frequency in AN. Our study strengthens the habit theory of AN by showing the relevance of habits beyond ED-specific behavioral domains. This also supports the development of innovative therapeutic interventions targeting habitual behavior in EDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14193905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T05:33:14Z","timestamp":1663824794000},"page":"3905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Increased Habit Frequency in the Daily Lives of Patients with Acute Anorexia Nervosa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8995-6401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Seidel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"F\u00fcrtjes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Labitzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3907-6630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Louis","family":"Wronski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilka","family":"Boehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Hennig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Gramatke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eating Disorder Treatment and Research Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veit","family":"Roessner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2132-4445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Ehrlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"},{"name":"Eating Disorder Treatment and Research Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2017.03.005","article-title":"Won\u2019t Stop or Can\u2019t Stop? Food Restriction as a Habitual Behavior among Individuals with Anorexia Nervosa or Atypical Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"26","author":"Coniglio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12081074","article-title":"The Enigmatic Persistence of Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"170","author":"Walsh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-016-0106-2","article-title":"Neurobiological Model of the Persistence of Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"4","author":"Steinglass","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1985.0010","article-title":"Actions and Habits: The Development of Behavioural Autonomy","volume":"308","author":"Dickinson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112851","article-title":"Habits, Rituals, and the Evaluative Brain","volume":"31","author":"Graybiel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.09.007","article-title":"Goals and Habits in the Brain","volume":"80","author":"Dolan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2018.01.015","article-title":"The Multiple Effects of Practice: Skill, Habit and Reduced Cognitive Load","volume":"20","author":"Haith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.06.024","article-title":"Clinical Investigation of Set-Shifting Subtypes in Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"219","author":"Buzzichelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20924","article-title":"Eating Behavior in Anorexia Nervosa: Before and after Treatment","volume":"45","author":"Mayer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2011.02.002","article-title":"Food Choice and Diet Variety in Weight-Restored Patients with Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"111","author":"Schebendach","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.2.296","article-title":"Eating Behavior among Women with Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"82","author":"Sysko","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0928-5","article-title":"The Role of Habits in Anorexia Nervosa: Where We Are and Where to Go from Here?","volume":"20","author":"Uniacke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Keys, A., Brozek, J., Henschel, A., Michelsen, O., Taylor, H.L., Simonson, E., Skinner, A.S., and Wells, S.M. (1950). The Biology of Human Starvation, University of Minnesota Press."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104807","article-title":"The Role of Hypoleptinemia in the Psychological and Behavioral Adaptation to Starvation: Implications for Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"141","author":"Hebebrand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20251","article-title":"Etiological Overlap between Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Anorexia Nervosa: A Longitudinal Cohort, Multigenerational Family and Twin Study","volume":"14","author":"Thornton","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2005.11.006","article-title":"Anorexia Nervosa with Excessive Exercise: A Phenotype with Close Links to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder","volume":"142","author":"Davis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"778","article-title":"Compulsivity in Anorexia Nervosa: A Transdiagnostic Concept","volume":"17","author":"Godier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852916000535","article-title":"Investigating the Role of Anticipatory Reward and Habit Strength in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder","volume":"22","author":"Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10071062","article-title":"Disruption in the Balance between Goal-Directed Behavior and Habit Learning in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder","volume":"168","author":"Gillan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.02.002","article-title":"Enhanced Avoidance Habits in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder","volume":"75","author":"Gillan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0115-4","article-title":"Examination of the Shared Genetic Basis of Anorexia Nervosa and Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Disorder","volume":"25","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.051","article-title":"An Investigation of Habit Learning in Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"244","author":"Godier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24402","article-title":"Resting State Functional Connectivity of Networks Associated with Reward and Habit in Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"40","author":"Haynos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20244","article-title":"Habit Learning and Anorexia Nervosa: A Cognitive Neuroscience Hypothesis","volume":"39","author":"Steinglass","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23265","article-title":"Habits Are Stronger with Longer Duration of Illness and Greater Severity in Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"53","author":"Davis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001909","article-title":"The Role of Leptin in Anorexia Nervosa: Clinical Implications","volume":"12","author":"Hebebrand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2018.10.001","article-title":"Rumination in Anorexia Nervosa: Cognitive-Affective and Neuroendocrinological Aspects","volume":"111","author":"Seidel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000402","article-title":"Shifting the Balance between Goals and Habits: Five Failures in Experimental Habit Induction","volume":"147","author":"Kindt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-101220-014053","article-title":"Smartphones and the Neuroscience of Mental Health","volume":"44","author":"Gillan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1137\/0105003","article-title":"Algorithms for the Assignment and Transportation Problems","volume":"5","author":"Munkres","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(00)00534-4","article-title":"The Structured Interview for Anorexic and Bulimic Disorders for DSM-IV and ICD-10 (SIAB-EX): Reliability and Validity","volume":"16","author":"Fichter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"22","article-title":"The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The Development and Validation of a Structured Diagnostic Psychiatric Interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10","volume":"59","author":"Sheehan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G* Power 3: A Flexible Statistical Power Analysis Program for the Social, Behavioral, and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap)\u2014A Metadata-Driven Methodology and Workflow Process for Providing Translational Research Informatics Support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"365","article-title":"Eine Deutschsprachige Version Des Eating Disorder Inventory EDI-2. [German Translation of the Eating Disorder Inventory EDI-2.]","volume":"47","author":"Thiel","year":"1997","journal-title":"PPmP Psychother. Psychosom. Med. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Hautzinger, M., Keller, F., and K\u00fchner, C. (2009). Beck Depressions Inventar: Revised, Huber."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L., and Lushene, R.E. (1970). STAI Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Consulting Psychologists Press."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1026\/0942-5403.16.2.117","article-title":"Diagnostik von Zwangsst\u00f6rungen Im Kindes-Und Jugendalter","volume":"16","author":"Goletz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kindh. Entwickl."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"489","article-title":"ZWIK, Zwangsinventar F\u00fcr Kinder Und Jugendliche","volume":"6","author":"Goletz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Klin. Psychiatr. Rat. F\u00fcr Kindes Jugendalter. Hogrefe G\u00f6ttingen"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1253666","article-title":"Perzentilen Des Body-Mass-Index Auch F\u00fcr 18-Bis 80-J\u00e4hrige? Daten Der Nationalen Verzehrsstudie II","volume":"135","author":"Hemmelmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"DMW-Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s001120170107","article-title":"Perzentile f\u00fcr den Body-mass-Index f\u00fcr das Kindes- und Jugendalter unter Heranziehung verschiedener deutscher Stichproben","volume":"149","author":"Wabitsch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mon. Kinderheilkd"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01951.x","article-title":"Reflections on Past Behavior: A Self-Report Index of Habit Strength","volume":"33","author":"Verplanken","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852918001554","article-title":"A Study on the Correlates of Habit-, Reward-, and Fear-Related Motivations in Alcohol Use Disorder","volume":"24","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"239","article-title":"A Naturalistic Investigation of Cognitive-Affective Dysfunction in Anorexia Nervosa: The Role of Inefficiency","volume":"53","author":"Seidel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-016-0844-3","article-title":"A Naturalistic Examination of Negative Affect and Disorder-Related Rumination in Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"25","author":"Seidel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Hox, J.J. (2000). Multilevel Analysis of Grouped and Longitudinal Data. Modeling Longitudinal and Multilevel Data: Practical Issues, Applied Approaches, and Specific Examples, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Raudenbush, S.W., Bryk, A.S., Cheong, Y.F., and Congdon, R. (2019). HLM 8 for Windows (Version 8) [Computer Software], Scientific Software International."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280206071931","article-title":"Comparison of Subject-Specific and Population Averaged Models for Count Data from Cluster-Unit Intervention Trials","volume":"16","author":"Young","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79410-y","article-title":"Nutritional Status and Anxious and Depressive Symptoms in Anorexia Nervosa: A Prospective Study","volume":"11","author":"Pleple","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01655","article-title":"Deficient Goal-Directed Control in a Population Characterized by Extreme Goal Pursuit","volume":"33","author":"Foerde","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171800020X","article-title":"Targeting Habits in Anorexia Nervosa: A Proof-of-Concept Randomized Trial","volume":"48","author":"Steinglass","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1","article-title":"Beyond Description and Deficits: How Computational Psychiatry Can Enhance an Understanding of Decision-Making in Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"24","author":"Haynos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"147","article-title":"What Is Automatic Self-Regulation?","volume":"220","author":"Jostmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Z. F\u00fcr Psychol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868317720362","article-title":"Habit in Personality and Social Psychology","volume":"21","author":"Wood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.06.073","article-title":"Proactive and Reactive Inhibitory Control in Eating Disorders","volume":"255","author":"Bartholdy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.08.005","article-title":"Altered Neural Efficiency of Decision Making During Temporal Reward Discounting in Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"55","author":"King","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23644","article-title":"Increased Self-Reported Delay of Gratification in Acutely Underweight, but Not Remitted Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"55","author":"Weinert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.01.003","article-title":"Nothing Tastes as Good as Skinny Feels: The Neurobiology of Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"36","author":"Kaye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-007-0086-1","article-title":"Psychiatric Comorbidities among Female Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"39","author":"Lenz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child. Psychiatry Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2015.06.005","article-title":"Abnormal Eating Behavior in Video-Recorded Meals in Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"19","author":"Gianini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20784","article-title":"Rationale for the Application of Exposure and Response Prevention to the Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"44","author":"Steinglass","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00015","article-title":"A Longitudinal Study of Eating Rituals in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"10","author":"Calugi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20605","article-title":"The Yale\u2013Brown\u2013Cornell Eating Disorder Scale in Women with Anorexia Nervosa: What Is It Measuring?","volume":"42","author":"Jordan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2013.876238","article-title":"A Review and Analysis of the Use of \u2018Habit\u2019in Understanding, Predicting and Influencing Health-Related Behaviour","volume":"9","author":"Gardner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019596","article-title":"The Automatic Component of Habit in Health Behavior: Habit as Cue-Contingent Automaticity","volume":"29","author":"Orbell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01504","article-title":"Habit and Identity: Behavioral, Cognitive, Affective, and Motivational Facets of an Integrated Self","volume":"10","author":"Verplanken","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nss093","article-title":"Who Am I? How Do I Look? Neural Differences in Self-Identity in Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"9","author":"McAdams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00219","article-title":"Anorexia Nervosa and a Lost Emotional Self: A Psychological Formulation of the Development, Maintenance, and Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"10","author":"Oldershaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2017.09.012","article-title":"Current Limits of Experimental Research into Habits and Future Directions","volume":"20","author":"Watson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11305","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.11305","article-title":"Characterizing a Psychiatric Symptom Dimension Related to Deficits in Goal-Directed Control","volume":"5","author":"Gillan","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.04.006","article-title":"Model-Based Control in Dimensional Psychiatry","volume":"82","author":"Voon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49884-6","article-title":"Goal-Directed vs. Habitual Instrumental Behavior during Reward Processing in Anorexia Nervosa: An FMRI Study","volume":"9","author":"Steding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanachi, M., Dicembre, M., Rives-Lange, C., Ropers, J., Bemer, P., Zazzo, J.-F., Poupon, J., Dauvergne, A., and Melchior, J.-C. (2019). Micronutrients Deficiencies in 374 Severely Malnourished Anorexia Nervosa Inpatients. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040792"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spanakis, G., Weiss, G., Boh, B., and Roefs, A. (2015). Network Analysis of Ecological Momentary Assessment Data for Monitoring and Understanding Eating Behavior. ICSH, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-29175-8_5"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Lazar, C. (2022, August 07). ImputeLCMD: A Collection of Methods for Left-Censored Missing Data Imputation. In R Package, Version 2.0. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/imputeLCMD\/imputeLCMD.pdf."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, R., Wang, J., Jia, E., Chen, T., Ni, Y., and Jia, W. (2018). GSimp: A Gibbs Sampler Based Left-Censored Missing Value Imputation Approach for Metabolomics Studies. PLoS Comput. Biol., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005973"},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Ganzeboom, H.B. (2010). International Standard Classification of Occupations ISCO-08 with ISEI-08 Scores, International Labour Office."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/19\/3905\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:36:26Z","timestamp":1760142986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/19\/3905"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14193905"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14193905","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]}}}