{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:10:40Z","timestamp":1760231440639,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Catechin is a flavonoid naturally present in numerous dietary products and fruits (e.g., apples, berries, grape seeds, kiwis, green tea, red wine, etc.) and has previously been shown to be an antioxidant and beneficial for the gut microbiome. To further enhance the health benefits, bioavailability, and stability of catechin, we synthesized and characterized catechin pentaacetate and catechin pentabutanoate as two new ester derivatives of catechin. Catechin and its derivatives were assessed in vivo via intra-amniotic administration (Gallus gallus), with the following treatment groups: (1) non-injected (control); (2) deionized H2O (control); (3) Tween (0.004 mg\/mL dose); (4) inulin (50 mg\/mL dose); (5) Catechin (6.2 mg\/mL dose); (6) Catechin pentaacetate (10 mg\/mL dose); and (7) Catechin pentabutanoate (12.8 mg\/mL dose). The effects on physiological markers associated with brush border membrane morphology, intestinal bacterial populations, and duodenal gene expression of key proteins were investigated. Compared to the controls, our results demonstrated a significant (p &lt; 0.05) decrease in Clostridium genera and E. coli species density with catechin and its synthetic derivative exposure. Furthermore, catechin and its derivatives decreased iron and zinc transporter (Ferroportin and ZnT1, respectively) gene expression in the duodenum compared to the controls. In conclusion, catechin and its synthetic derivatives have the potential to improve intestinal morphology and functionality and positively modulate the microbiome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14193924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T05:33:14Z","timestamp":1663824794000},"page":"3924","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Alterations in Intestinal Brush Border Membrane Functionality and Bacterial Populations Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Catechin and Its Derivatives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9193-317X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolai","family":"Kolba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Zarei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1293-413X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacquelyn","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9158-3392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikita","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8765-1727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Younas","family":"Dadmohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Khazdooz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5617-9220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Abbaspourrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elad","family":"Tako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.07.024","article-title":"Nano-Encapsulation of Catechin in Starch Nanoparticles: Characterization, Release Behavior and Bioactivity Retention during Simulated in-Vitro Digestion","volume":"270","author":"Ahmad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.08.117","article-title":"Antioxidant Properties of Catechins: Comparison with Other Antioxidants","volume":"241","author":"Grzesik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0896(02)00666-1","article-title":"Synthesis and Neuroprotective Activity of Bergenin Derivatives with Antioxidant Activity","volume":"11","author":"Takahashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioorg. 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