{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T13:45:11Z","timestamp":1792676711203,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The etiopathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis remains unknown, although genetic or hereditary factors, neurological disorders, hormonal and metabolic dysfunctions, biomechanical factors, and environmental factors seem to be involved. Several studies have found that patients with scoliosis have common characteristics of taller stature, lower body mass index (BMI), and low systemic bone mass. We conducted a scoping review to analyze the association between idiopathic scoliosis and BMI. The search for articles was performed on PubMed and Cochrane, including the English language, full-text and free-full-text articles published from 31 December 2011 to 31 December 2021. Most of the results analyzed are in favor of a relationship between low BMI and scoliosis. Having a low BMI could be associated with the presence of scoliosis, although the reason for which is still doubtful. However, further large-scale epidemiological studies on different ethnicities and a comparison of BMI with the healthy population will be needed to better define the correlation between BMI and scoliosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,28]],"date-time":"2022-09-28T03:30:37Z","timestamp":1664335837000},"page":"4011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Is There a Relationship between Idiopathic Scoliosis and Body Mass? A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5035-2288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalila","family":"Scaturro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnese","family":"Balbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95100 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1630-1575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Vitagliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95100 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Stramazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Camarda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Letizia Mauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Common Questions and Answers","volume":"101","author":"Kuznia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"e582","article-title":"Effects of corrective, therapeutic exercise techniques on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A systematic review","volume":"116","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Argent Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.01.008","article-title":"Prevalence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in Turkey: An epidemiological study","volume":"20","author":"Zateri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sung, S., Chae, H.-W., Lee, H.S., Kim, S., Kwon, J.-W., Lee, S.-B., Moon, S.-H., Lee, H.-M., and Lee, B.H. (2021). Incidence and Surgery Rate of Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Nationwide Database Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18158152"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"875","article-title":"Idiopathic Scoliosis","volume":"107","author":"Trobisch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-020-04608-4","article-title":"Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"36","author":"Addai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2018.01.005","article-title":"Manual therapy treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"23","author":"Lotan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Menger, R.P., and Sin, A.H. (2021). Adolescent and Idiopathic Scoliosis, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, G., Gao, W., Liang, A., Ye, W., Peng, Y., Zhang, L., Sharma, S., Su, P., and Huang, D. (2012). Normal Leptin Expression, Lower Adipogenic Ability, Decreased Leptin Receptor and Hyposensitivity to Leptin in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036648"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anr.2019.12.003","article-title":"Low Body Mass Index for Early Screening of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Comparison Based on Standardized Body Mass Index Classifications","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-162284","article-title":"Postural Habits and weight of backpacks of Portuguese Adolescents: Are they associated with scoliosis and low back pain?","volume":"54","author":"Minghelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves, M.E., Marinho, D.A., Carneiro, D.N., Alves, J., Forte, P., Nevill, A.M., and Morais, J.E. (2020). A Visual Scan Analysis Protocol for Postural Assessment at School in Young Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082915"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-020-06341-7","article-title":"Prevalence of the thoracic scoliosis in children and adolescents candidates for strabismus surgery: Results from a 1935-patient cross-sectional study in China","volume":"29","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E83","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003216","article-title":"Health-Related Quality of Life in Nonoperated Patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis in the Middle Years","volume":"45","author":"Watanabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matusik, E., Durmala, J., and Matusik, P. (2016). Association of Body Composition with Curve Severity in Children and Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis (IS). Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8020071"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scaturro, D., Costantino, C., Terrana, P., Vitagliani, F., Falco, V., Cuntrera, D., Sannasardo, C.E., Vitale, F., and Mauro, G.L. (2021). Risk Factors, Lifestyle and Prevention among Adolescents with Idiopathic Juvenile Scoliosis: A Cross Sectional Study in Eleven First-Grade Secondary Schools of Palermo Province, Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312335"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-200215","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis screening: Could a school-based assessment protocol be useful for an early diagnosis?","volume":"34","author":"Scaturro","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-0462\/;2017;35;2;00008","article-title":"Prevalence of Scoliosis in Public Elementary School Students","volume":"35","author":"Ciaccia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Paul. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeon, K.-K., and Kim, D.-I. (2021). Low Body Mass Index Levels and Idiopathic Scoliosis in Korean Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8070570"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2207","article-title":"Association between components of body composition and scoliosis: A prospective cohort study reporting differences identifiable before the onset of scoliosis","volume":"29","author":"Clark","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Wang, Z., Zhu, Z., Zhu, F., and Qiu, Y. (2016). Body composition in males with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A case\u2013control study with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-0968-0"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.22603\/ssrr.2020-0088","article-title":"Body Composition in Japanese Girls with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis","volume":"5","author":"Miyagi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine Surg. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-021-00989-3","article-title":"Morphology and epidemiological study of idiopathic scoliosis among primary school students in Chaozhou, China","volume":"26","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.09.034","article-title":"Association between body mass index, body height, and the prevalence of spinal deformities","volume":"14","author":"Hershkovich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e255","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000899","article-title":"Body Mass Hides the Curve: Thoracic Scoliometer Readings Vary by Body Mass Index Value","volume":"37","author":"Margalit","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matusik, E., Durmala, J., Olszanecka-Glinianowicz, M., Chudek, J., and Matusik, P. (2020). Association between Bone Turnover Markers, Leptin, and Nutritional Status in Girls with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS). Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202006.0274.v1"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/12.9.771","article-title":"Scoliosis: Review of diagnosis and treatment","volume":"12","author":"Janicki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Goldbloom, R.B. (1994). Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination, CMAJ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2019.07.008","article-title":"Brace treatment in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Risk factors for failure\u2014A literature review","volume":"19","author":"Floman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2012.01.003","article-title":"Pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis: A review","volume":"55","author":"Cugy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000652","article-title":"Research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"133","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"111","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Review and current concepts","volume":"64","author":"Reamy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000049940.39801.E6","article-title":"Familial Idiopathic Scoliosis","volume":"28","author":"Justice","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-016-0105-8","article-title":"Genetics and pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"11","author":"Grauers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scoliosis Spinal Disord."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2174\/138920208783884874","article-title":"Understanding Genetic Factors in Idiopathic Scoliosis, a Complex Disease of Childhood","volume":"9","author":"Wise","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Genom."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.11669","article-title":"Screening for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis","volume":"319","author":"Dunn","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA J. Am. Med Assoc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300060519889438","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060519889438","article-title":"Incidence of scoliosis among junior high school students in Zhongshan city, Guangdong and the possible importance of decreased miR-30e expression","volume":"48","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. Med Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2465-y","article-title":"Body composition in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"22","author":"Sanchez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181f55083","article-title":"Anthropometry and body composition profile of girls with nonsurgically reated ado- lescent idio-pathic scoliosis","volume":"36","author":"Barrios","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02589-x","article-title":"Risk factors for screw loosening in patients with adult degenerative scoliosis: The importance of paraspinal muscle degeneration","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"13","article-title":"Relatively lower body mass index is asso-ciated with an excess of severe truncal asymmetry in healthy adolescents: Do white adipose tissue, leptin, hypothal-amus and sympathetic nervous system influence truncal growth asymmetry?","volume":"4","author":"Grivas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scoliosis Spinal Disord."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2007.08.008","article-title":"Do Chronic Medical Conditions Increase the Risk of Eating Disorder? A Cross-Sectional Investigation of Eating Pathology in Adolescent Females with Scoliosis and Diabetes","volume":"42","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.84B3.0840392","article-title":"Indications of disordered eating behaviour in adolescent patients with idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"84","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0095-0","article-title":"Prevalence and impact of low body mass index on outcomes in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A systematic review","volume":"72","author":"Tarrant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001376","article-title":"Lower Muscle Mass and Body Fat in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Are Associated with Abnormal Leptin Bioavailability","volume":"41","author":"Tam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"646","article-title":"Idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"24","author":"Yaman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Turk. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-016-0063-1","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS): A multifactorial cascade concept for pathogenesis and embryonic origin","volume":"11","author":"Burwell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scoliosis Spinal Disord."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/19\/4011\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:40:39Z","timestamp":1760143239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/19\/4011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14194011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14194011","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]}}}